Disadvantages of Wearing a Bra

Title: Disadvantages of wearing a bra Why do women wear bras? Is it to enhance the percieved shape of a woman's breast, minimize or enlarge her perceived breast size, restrain breast movement during an activity, or is it to overcome sagging? Most bras are designed to be form-fitting, to lift the breast of the chest wall if they sag and to retain their movement. All these are advantages of wearing a bra but it has it's disadvantages that can even lead to health issues in the life of women today. Wearing a bra can increase the process of sagging of the breast as well as give rise to many health issues. Sagging of the breast is one major concern in our society today. However, it is a natural, inevitable process that happens to all women at some point. The most notable sagging happens with the process called breast involution which occurs when the milk-making system inside the breast shrinks because it's not needed anymore, but breasts can start sagging a little at any age, because they do not have muscles in them. They have ligaments and connective tissue. When gravity pulls the breasts down, those ligaments and the skin can stretch, and so the breast then sags. This depends on the elasticity of your skin and of your ligaments, as determined by your genes and diet, and also on normal aging processes. Obviously large breasts will sag easier since the gravity is pulling them down more.

Environmental Factors Essay

There are many environmental factors that affect the global and domestic marketing strategies of organizations. What is necessary is an assessment of the company’s attempts at positioning its product to meet the needs of an undisclosed market. Environmental factors always affect the domestic and international marketing performance of companies in many environments. What environmental factors do is that they shape and set targets on the entry and operational decisions of Coca Cola Limited. Established in 1886, Coca Cola owns four of the world’s top five nonalcoholic beverages, operates in over two hundred countries and serves over one point five billion consumers locally and international. The environmental factors that Coca Cola has to battle with include the level of competition, cultural attributes, consumer characteristics, political and legal concerns. These factors have an impact on both the potential local and international marketing functions of the company. One factor affecting the marketing decisions of Coca Cola is competition among alcoholic beverages. These competitive factors include pricing, advertising, production innovation and brand and trademark development and protection. Of interest to us is the fact that one of Coca Cola’s major competitors is PepsiCo. The marketing decisions of the company have to be guided strategically because it impacts on the actual sales levels of the firm. Coca Cola continues to maintain a cutting edge in the industry because it continues to uphold its hallmarked values of refresh the world, inspiring moments of optimism and creating value through making a difference. Cultural also has a part to play in the marketing decisions of Coca Cola. Of later, governments across the world have been placing pressure on beverage companies to regulate alcohol content because they affect consumer’s thinking. While Coca Cola does not have to fight up with this cultural implication, it may have to attend to means of re-establishing consumer loyalty. For example, Marketing Coca-Cola in China has been a long and trying road. Firstly opening bottling plants in Shanghai and Tianjin in 1927 and then a third plant opened in Qingdao in 1930, Coca had a fight gaining a solid marketing lead. After a 30-year absence from the country, The Coca-Cola Company re-entered China in 1979, following the re-establishment of relations between China and the United States. Coca-Cola was the first American consumer product to return to China and is doing very well today. Another environmental factor affecting Coca Cola’s development of effective marketing tools and campaigns across the world is legal requirements for entry and set up. All multinational companies are forced to abide by laws requiring high tax entries although maximum profits are to be repatriated. It is Coca Cola’s policy to comply to consumer protection laws, occupational, health and safety acts, and local statues and regulations concerning advertising, transportation, distribution and food and safety laws. Additionally, Coca Cola’s principle challenge was is water resource management which in some countries is bound by legalities. In 2004, the company was forced to take a major step in reducing the potential impact of climatic damage via the use of coolers and vending machines. So that dealing with legal implications enabled Coca Cola to adapt a marketing strategy that considers its social responsibility. The end result of that was Coca Cola, partnering with the United Nations Environment Programme and Greenpeace International as a means of finding natural refrigerants. Explain how technology impacts the organizations marketing decisions. Coca Cola decisions have been affected by the impact of technology. In an interview done by a researcher, he commented that â€Å"as industry leaders it is Coca Cola’s responsibility to invest in the research and development necessary to develop economically viable and commercially available refrigeration solutions to take us toward an HFC-free, climate-friendly future. We hope that other companies will join our commitment to sustainable refrigeration. By working together, we can continue to reduce the impact of commercial equipment on the environment. † It is obvious that Inorder for Coca Cola to remain a leader in the beverage industry there was the need to re-examine its products and production processes; its packaging, design, equipment and quality assurance. Coca Cola attempts to strike a balance between the use of modern and traditional technologies depending on the marketing initiative and project location. Interestingly, with the launch of eKOfreshment, Coca Cola used more than ten different technological options to improve its environmental performance, regulatory compliance and overall price and operational costs. The end result of using technology as a point of reference for marketing is the winning of the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Climate Protection Award for their joint efforts in promoting the development of environmentally friendly commercial refrigeration technology through the creation of the refrigerants naturally coalition. So that as Coca Cola evolves with technology its marketing habits and values change to accommodate consumer characteristics and behaviours. Of great importance to Coca Cola is their social responsibility and ethical considerations of which its management has found to be a contributing factor to the development of a strong marketing campaign globally. In analyzing its importance, we must consider the company’s priority; its marketplace, workplace, environment and community. To us, this is a key side; Coca Cola has opted to have social responsibility as a sub heading to their website. In the marketplace, they take pride in quality, marketing more than 450 brands and over 2,800 beverage products, just still living up to giving our consumers a choice of still or sparking beverages that refresh, hydrate, energize or nourish. Our ethical value is that each of those products must be of the highest quality and must meet consumers’ changing tastes, needs and expectations. In each of the more than 200 countries where we operate, Coca Cola is an active member of the business community, working hand in hand with local individuals, merchants and governments to improve the health and prosperity of the local economy and environment. We know that the continued health and sustainable growth of our business depends on the long-term health of the communities that surround it. After all, we need healthy consumers, communities, environments and economies for our business to thrive. So we encourage human right laws in the workplace as our business ultimately depends on the combined talents, skills, knowledge, experience and passion make Coca Cola who it is. Wherever Coca Cola operates, it seeks to get involved in the work of communities, governmental organizations and NGOs to create and support projects most relevant to them. Marketing is a critical step in the success or failure of a company. For Coca Cola, an international company operating in years of integrity and business sense, today they have stood to repeat the rewards of their actions. Together with many other partners, this company continues to forge it way to be a continued leader in the beverage industry. Reference Blythe, Jim. (2004). Canada. Financial Times – Prentice Hall.

Asian Cultural Heritage

ASIAN CULTURAL HERITAGE The popular and widely known Asian â€Å"Migration Theory† of professor H. Otley Beyer about the prehistoric peopling of the Philippines is now considered untenable by modern scholars. They questione the manner by which the theory was formulated because of the absence of historical or archeological proofs to support it. The Asian texture of Filipino culture from the prehistoric Spanish times, therefore, could be traced to evolutionary factors, the continous migrations of people and the early contacts with other Asian civilizations. INDIAN INFLUENCESIndian influences were traceable in the languages, religious belief, literature, customs and traditions of early Filipinos. The Supreme God of the ancient Tagalog was Bathala, which came from the Sanskrit word B’hattara (great Lord) Among the pre-Islamic natives of Sulu, Indra Battara was the most prominent deity, Indra, being the sky god. The other gods the natives believed were of Indian or Vedic in origin such as Agni (fire god) and Surya (sun god). The epics of the early Filipinos such as the Biag ni Lam-Ang of the ilocanos, Mahabharata, the Indian epic.Some Filipino superstitious beliefs that originated from India were: 1. A comet is a bad sign; it brings war, famine and other calamities. 2. A pregnant woman must not eat twin bananas for she will give birth to twins. The putong (headgear) of the early Filipino male was Indian origin. So was the sarong (Indian sari), the lower part of the clothing of pre-Spanish women. Indian influences on Filipino culture are clearly manifested by the presence of Sanskrit words in Tagalog language. Dr. T. H. Pardo de Tavera mentions 340 Sanskrit words. Examples are: SanskritTagalog . Atawaasawa (spouse) 2. Amaama (father) 3. Raharaha (king) 4. Harihari (king) 5. Kottakuta (fort) 6. Gandaganda (beauty) 7. Bhattarabathala (god) 8. Mutyamutya (pearl) 9. Inaina (mother) MALAYAN INFLUENCES The Maragtas For lack of historical or archeological data , the Maragtas or the great tale about the Ten Bornean Datus who came to Panay may be part-history and part-fiction. According to this great story, at around 1250 AD, ten datus and their families left Borneo to escape the repressive rule of Sultan Makatunaw and to establish new homes across the seas.Led by Datu Puti, the Malays landed in Panay Island where they negotiated with Marikudo, the Negrito king for the barter of the lowlands. The agreed price was one golden salakot for the Ati king and one gold necklace for Maniwangtiwang, Marikudo’s wife. The barter of Panay was sealed by an agreement of friendship between the Atis and the Malays. The Negritos, after performing their merry songs and dances, retreated to the mountains. There are some interesting coincidences, however, between the legend of Maragtas and Panay customs and traditions.To this day, the ati-atihan, a colorful song and dance festival is celebrated in Aklan. This is to re-enact the warm welcome accorded to t he Malays by the Atis, which resulted to the purchase of Panay. W. H. Scott, the American missionary, in his doctoral dissertation (1968) comments: â€Å"There is no reason to doubt that this legend (Maragtas) preserves the memory of an actual event, but it is not possible to date the event itself, or to decide which of the details ar historical facts, and which are the embellishments of generations of oral transmission. CHINESE INFLUENCES The Chinese, who came to the Philippines, whether as traders or settlers, were primarily interested in trade, so their influences on Filipino life were mainly economic and social. The early Filipinos learned from the Chinese the art of metallurgy, the manufacture of gunpowder, mining methods and the use of porcelain, gongs, umbrellas, lead and kites. From the Chinese originated the dishes lumpia, mami, okoy, pansit, bihon, chop suey and siopao. Sauces like toyo, and tawsi also came from the Chinese.Some Chinese customs were eventually adopted by the Filipinos. The arrangement of marriage of children by parents, the use of go-between in negotiating marriage, the use of white clothes or dress during the period of mourning and the filial respect for elders accorded by the children were examples of practices borrowed from the Chinese. About a thousand words are found in the Filipino language. Among them are the following: ChineseFilipino 1 Inkongingkong 2 Hebihibi 3 A-chiate 4 Bi-koebiko 5 Dikiamdikiam Pin-topinto 7 Sosisusi 8 Mikimiki 9 Bakkiahbakya 10 Pansitpansit JAPANESE RELATIONS The Filipinos had been trading with the Japanese long before the coming of the Spaniards. Japanese bahan (merchants) and wakos (pirates) sailed the South China Sea seeking for Sung and Yuan wares buried in Philippines graves, iron and woolens for Filipino gold and wax. The Japanese immigrants who came to the Philippines during the pre-Spanish times settled at the mouth of the Cagayan River, the Lingayen Gulf area, and Manila.The first recorded enc ounter between the Japanese and the Spaniards was in 1572 when Juan de Salcedo, while sailing from Manila to Ilocos, fought off three Japanese junks off the coast of Pangasinan. The Japanese pirates sailed away, after fierce fighting. In 1582, an expedition led by Captain Juan Pablo Carreon assaulted a Japanese colony founded by the pirate Tayfusa at the mouth of Cagayan River. The Japanese were forced to leave the place. The early Japanese merchants also traded with Agoo, a town in the Lingayen Gulf area.They brought with them utensils, assorted weapons, salted meats and other Japanese were better treated and nodiscrimatory decrees were made against them. The Spaniards respected and feared them. ARABIC INFLUENCES Arabia’s most enduring legacy to the peoples of Sulu and Mindanao is Islam. The Arabs also introduced the sultanate form of government, Arabic art and literature; the Arabic alphabet; the Koranic Law; the mosque; the art of warfare- lantaka(cannon), vinta(warboat) a nd the kuta(fort).The Luwaran, a code of laws and compilation of the customs and traditions of the early Muslims, was written in Arabic. The Maranao’s Darangan (epic poetry), Maguindanao’s Indarapatra and Sulayman and Sulu’s Parang Sabil were deeply inspired by Islam. Arabic influence is also clearly seen in the decorative and ornamental art of the maranaos, who are the best –known wood carvers and painters of the region. Arabic words are also found in the Filipino language. Examples are: surat(letter), apu(old man), akma (appropriate), arak (wine), alamat (legend), maalem (knowing), pirate (scar) and salam (thanks).

Children and internet safety Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Children and internet safety - Research Paper Example The Internet assists us when we need it, but it also provides con artists and other predators into our children’s lives. We as parents have a moral obligation to protect our children against the devastating effects of what is available on the Internet. The difficulty remains, however, of how we assure our children’s safety. Parents are given charge of their children not merely through having created them. The want to protect and foster their children is an innate need that humans have. Therefore, it is imperative that parents not only monitor what their children view online, but whom they may be talking to. Given the capacity we now have to acquire data on any given subject, there are bound to be flaws in the system, as well as the ability to obtain information that most people would view as highly inappropriate. Violent episodes are abundant on the World Wide Web, from media accounts and vicious fighting, to â€Å"hate sites that encourage the discrimination of specif ic people. Data are lacking to illuminate how many youth are intentionally accessing violent websites.† (Hamburger, M. E., Ybarra, M. L., Leaf, P. J. and West, 2011). The trouble with children accessing violent sites are in the detriment that child can potentially incur. Children are effortlessly misled to believe what they see on television or the Internet is viable and useful information. However unfortunate, even Modi 1 The most well adjusted child’s psyche can fall prey to horrific scenes of violence, which can produce fear, anxiety and even anger. This can cause extensive harm to the child’s overall sense of self, and their well-being. ... Commercials of any kind are always aimed at a particular audience, whether it is an age group, gender, race or religion. In families that are tightly knit, parents often feel that they have greater control over their children, and what they view. They are often considered more attentive to their children and their activities as well, therefore giving them perceived control over their internet usage. This perception can actually be translated into reality in many cases. â€Å"†¦The higher perceived control over children’s Internet usage, the less children’s exposure to negative Internet content.† (Cheon, Hongsik John, 01 Dec. 2005) This should serve as an epiphany for any parent with concerns over what their children are viewing. Parents that question their children and what they observe on television and Internet have a propensity to implement more restrictions on their television and their computer. In today’s information age, even televisions are so ld with the ability to allow or disallow certain ratings of programs. This enables parents to preserve the naivete of their children even more. Frequently, adults view the Internet as a place for predators, namely pedophiles. Modi 2 A recent report states, â€Å"That there are an estimated one million pedophiles online.† (Descy, Don E., 2006) given those statistics, it is even more imperative that parents keep a dedicated eye on their children’s Internet accesses to prevent their child falling victim to an unscrupulous predator. Thankfully, there are people out there that have created programs to not only identify, but also capture pedophiles and prevent the victimization of children. One such program, called Perverted Justice (perverted-justice.com, 25 Feb. 2011)

PRINCE and PRINCE2 Frameworks in Management and Business Strategy Essay

PRINCE and PRINCE2 Frameworks in Management and Business Strategy - Essay Example This management method was initially developed for use in IT projects (PRINCE) but has since been expanded in scope to deal with project management in any type of organization (PRINCE2). This report will focus mainly on PRINCE2 since this method is more extensive and applicable to all kinds of organizations. PRINCE2 is owned by the United Kingdom Office of Government Commerce or OGC, and it is in the public domain, which means it is free and available for use by anyone (Office of Government Commerce, 2005). The only potential cost incurred when utilizing PRINCE2 is the cost of training and certification (see the "APM Certification in PRINCE2" section below). When a client addresses a problem and contracts a company to remedy their problem, the PRINCE2 method can be used to set the framework for how the resulting project is to proceed. The objective of PRINCE2 is to allow newly minted businesses to start off successfully, by learning from their predecessor's mistakes, rather than to reinvent the wheel, per se, of project management. In effect, PRINCE2 is available to facilitate the most efficient and directed project management possible. ... The top problems were, "unclear direction, over- or under-worked staff, people and equipment not available when needed, rework or wasted effort, final tasks were rushed, poor quality work, problems late and overspent, small problems had a big impact (Bentley, 2003)." This is rooted in a number of sources, including "customer involvement, coordination, communication, planning control, progress, and quality control (Bentley, 2003)." Although it may seem that businesses should easily overcome these problems out of common sense, the reality is that many businesses do not know the proper way to consistently apply their past mistakes to problematic issues that regularly arise. The PRINCE2 framework can be used as a robust, adaptable system that project managers can consult throughout each stage of a project. There are eight steps, or phases, in the PRINCE2 method. These phases, which constitute the Business Case (i.e. the justification for the project) must be carried out fully to ensure that the end product is high-quality, generated in the allotted amount of time, and utilizes only the funds that are allocated for it (Office of Government Commerce, 2005; Getronics, 2003). The first step is called the start-up phase, during which project managers decide whether or not to accept the project desired by the customer, based on their own resources and capacity. Essentially, the managers address the question, "Is this project worth doing, and, if yes, are we fully equipped to complete it" This is an important phase during which the feasibility of the project is assessed and the company decides whether they can aptly handle the requests of the customer in the time allotted.

Passage Identification and Explication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Passage Identification and Explication - Essay Example What reverses may attend the remainder is in the hand of Providence; but, if they arrive, the reflection on past happiness enjoy'd ought to help his bearing them with more resignation. To Temperance he ascribes his long-continued health, and what is still left to him of a good constitution; to Industry and Frugality, the early easiness of his circumstances and acquisition of his fortune, with all that knowledge that enabled him to be a useful citizen, and obtained for him some degree of reputation among the learned; to Sincerity and Justice, the confidence of his country, and the honorable employs it conferred upon him; and to the joint influence of the whole mass of the virtues, even in the imperfect state he was able to acquire them, all that evenness of temper, and that cheerfulness in conversation, which makes his company still sought for, and agreeable even to his younger acquaintance.†Ã‚  Telling the story of his life, Franklin desired to share the precious lessons he gai ned in his journey from being a hard-working man to the simplicity of his life amidst his many achievements. Being one among the founding fathers of the United States, Franklin influenced the nation which until this time reflects the virtues he taught his countrymen, loving the luxuries of freedom, being able to improve oneself in proportion to an individual’s efforts and determination. Writing his autobiography was not merely telling his achievements but was directed to the learning of his biological son as well as his American sons from the virtues he himself learned from other people as he dealt with them, disciplining himself to embrace what he considers are virtuous, becoming an example to his people. As to virtue, this could be a... The researcher states that Thoreau presented his ideas strongly first, by getting the attention of his audience through questions just as he did in the verse that was extracted from his controversial essay, founded from a fact that is equally or even more controversial. Though all forms of government one way or another prove to have unjust laws, the essayist particularly spoke about the democratic United States of America which presented to him the absurdity of human laws. Through his questions, he thus then encourages his audiences to think about how they should react, whether they obey the laws, change them or violate them all at once because if the laws were right. These questions, though rude they may appear to an individual, should be reconsidered as to how one should react. Thoreau sought the meaning of life in this adventure he imposed upon himself, fearing to die and find out that he never lived but that he wanted all of what life could offer, enjoy them all and in the end, s ay to himself, he lived life to the fullest. He considered himself a god in his own Olympus that he found in Walden Pond, able to reign in his small world and not dictated by other people, their laws and other influences that could hinder the life he considers effectual. It is then concluded that the personality of the philosopher reflects the freedom one enjoys in the land of the free, enabling a person to live as he desires as long as he is not going against any law and endanger others in the process.

Law Case Study Question Analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law Question Analysis - Case Study Example The English contract law provides that the advertiser of good or products for sale through a newspaper is under duty to scrutinize the offers that have been tendered by the interested parties, if such offers are made before the expiry of the deadline that has been set by the advertisement, and without any variation in the offers . In this respect, Arthur is under duty to scrutinize the letter of offer that was submitted by Rodney, failure to which he is liable for having breached the terms of the contract. This is because, after reading the advertisement on the newspaper, Rodney sent the necessary letter of offer and the required amount, and they were received by Arthur at 9:50 am Monday as required by the advertisement. Arthur cannot sell the car to Thelma and he is not under any legal obligation to fulfill the contract with her. This is because, when Thelma saw the advertisement, she tendered a counter offer by submitting a cheque of cheque for  £7,250, as opposed to the cheque f or  £7,500 that was required by the advertisement. This simply amounts to a counter offer under the English contract law, where an individual issues an offer that is different and that is varying the actual terms that were in the original contract notification . The English contract law provides that under the situation of a counter offer, the contract terms have been varied, and thus the individual asking for the offers from the interested parties cannot be legally bound to accept that offer.

Scanning the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scanning the Environment - Essay Example ote focuses on demographics and socio-cultural trends, advertising, strategy and image for the previously mentioned retailers and the strategy that a competitor should adopt. Retailing of grocery items has been a competitive business for some time because a number of large retail chains, online stores and retail shops compete within the market. This means that it is important to try to position the retail brand right so that a maximum attraction for the grocery retail segments within the consumers is possible (Reynolds, 2004, Pp. 12 – 18). Brands tell a lot about price and this means that positioning brands to attract a certain type of customer to maximize profit is important in grocery retailing. Demographic trends for the US consumer suggests that the average consumer is more health and money conscious as a result of the prevailing economic uncertainty and they are only willing to pay a little extra for better fresh fruits and vegetables, food brands (Cook, 2008, Slides 1 – 25). However, quality and price are the most important considerations in selection of grocery items, but pesticide free items are only second in preference to fresh gr ocery items. Thus, organic products are second only to fresh quality products. In addition, the proportion of non – Hispanic Whites as a proportion of the total consumer is declining compared to an increase in the Hispanics and the Asians. Thus, retailers must consider the previously mentioned trends in efforts to position their retail brands. Aldi, the global grocery retailer has tried to benefit from the willingness of the consumer to pay a little more for quality in positioning its brand (Aldi, 2009, â€Å"Grocery Selections†). However, Amazon Grocery appears to have tried to lure the customer by offering established middle-of-the range brands with an emphasis on saving for quality and a concern for the Asian and Hispanic consumers. However, both of the previously mentioned chains emphasize value for money. Although

Faisal- Organisational Innovation And Change(OIC) Essay

Faisal- Organisational Innovation And Change(OIC) - Essay Example As a Supply Chain provider across many producers and countries, FSL provides the convenience of a one-stop shop for customers through a Total Value-Added Package: from product design and development, through raw material and factory sourcing, production planning and management, quality assurance and export documentation to shipping consolidation. With an annual turnover of around ? 25 Million, FSL employs about 30 people worldwide. Over the course of 3 years, FSL has developed from a Malaysian export trader into a multinational trading company (Annual Report, 2009). 1.2 FSL MISSION The company has a vision to be one of the world leaders in global trading. Its vision is: " To be the leader in the local and global markets by providing the best quality of products and services through strong emphasis on teamwork, collaboration, customer service, total commitment, trust, and mutual benefits" (FSL Company Profile, 2007) . The company’s business objectives are the following, with cu stomer focus as its priority: As a one-stop-shop service The company is comprised of small, dedicated teams of product specialists who focus on the needs of particular customers and organize for them. It provides the convenience of a one-stop shop from product development, through production management, to customs clearance and delivery when required. A coordinated global network FSL maintains a network of sourcing offices in 40 countries that work together to find the best sources for different components, fueling a constant process of adaptation. It has a policy of not owning any production facilities that keeps it flexible to search for quality-conscious, cost-effective producers who can consistently deliver against deadlines. Quick response FSL has been a pioneer in quick response manufacturing out of Asia since 2002. In order to move even closer to their customers, FSL is currently concentrating on the extension of its sourcing network in markets like the China ,Mediterranean, Eastern Europe and Central and South America. Social Responsibility FSL understands that its customers today face an increasingly discerning group of consumers who are not only looking for quality and value, but are also concerned about how the goods are made. Compliance is a key element for all the steps of the company’s supply chain. Through systematic inspection, audit and vendor education we help customers enforce their high standards throughout the factory base. 1.3 Business Operation FSL’s core business operation is trading. It has been trading ever since it has started its business. It trades its business by importing goods ordered by its customers especially Malaysians, who want the products that are manufactured in China, Thailand, Vietnam, etc. Most of FSL customers are importing their products from China and FSL has a very good network of contacts and connections among China’s best manufacturers and wholesalers. The company caters to both local and

Corruption and Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corruption and Law - Research Paper Example impact of corruption on the economic growth is high since it creates nonlinear relationship that exists between corruption, terrorism, and crime as well. In general, corruption is a propellant of unethical fibers of the civilization which implies that the exercise posses indisputably action among the people. This however, affects economic and social. When the entire regime in the government of a given nation allows an aspect of corruption, this aspect affects the entire society both morally and economically. However, a clean government is not an assurance that economic prosperity and growth will be attained. This means that rapid economic growth is propelled by the absence of risks and uncertainty within the prevailing regime (Hurd 2011, 47). Economic growth needs effective decision making from higher level of governance as this reduces bureaucratic intervention within the regime in power as per that time of governance. Corruption and economic growth are nonlinear correlation events in the sense that rapid growth in economy of the country can be possible if we have strong institutions devoid of corrupt activities. In addition, the regime should portray stability in its political events and provide reasonable decision making that propel fast economic growth (Detzer 2010, 65-68). We have various institutions in the U.S formed to cover the aspect of terrorism and transnational crime. Such institutions have been seen as aspects that propel corruption in any national governance in many nations worldwide. Corruption is based on international security, which foresees government position leaders, and the entire system comes in hand to support terrorism activities through funding. The aspect of long-term preservation by the transnational crime contributes highly on political campaigns through funding and they ensure that they are involved in nationalistic events. Through these activities, transnational crime however engages many of their activities within the prevailing

History of the Library Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of the Library - Essay Example Though the papyrus scrolls and clay tablets of Alexandria have been replaced by optical disks and flash cards, the library has remained at the center of academic endeavors. The modern school library media center remains critical to our need to have a central repository for knowledge that is available to everyone. When John Harvard gave his collection of books to the fledgling university, it was called a school library. Over the coming centuries the library would experience an evolution of the ways that information is stored and retrieved. During the 1920s, the National Education Association (NEA) enacted school library standards which paved the way for the storage of non-print media and libraries became known as instructional media centers (Wiegand, 2007, p.58) Today artifacts, digital media, and printed material of all types are networked together with the aid of massive databases. Digital electronics has made the storage and retrieval process faster, more compact, and less costly than ever before. Today the school library is more aptly known as the school library media center. Much of the evolution and restructuring of the school library media center has come as a result made by the demands to store and retrieve information in an environment of rapid technological change. After World War II film strips began to be added as they came to be viewed as items worthy of legitimate academic study. The invention of microfiche (a system of greatly reducing photo copies of documents) in 1961 started a major revolution in the media centers' long-term storage strategy (Raider, 2006). The 1969 Standards for School Media Programs published by the NEA united librarians and audio-visual specialists under the terminology of "library media program and library media specialist" (School libraries, 2008). The 1969 standards made recommendations regarding the new media of "8mm films, 16mm films, tapes and discs, slides, graphic materials, globes, maps, microforms, and transparencies (Mariea, 1998, p.182). The standards additionally defined storage space and environmental requi rements. The age of the Internet has added additional information available as digital media sources are catalogued in massive databases. The ability to digitize magazines, newspapers, books, and journals has made the information available at any school library media center almost unlimited. This has required another tier of media management as databases are responsible for cataloguing and maintaining archival issues of periodicals. Companies such as EBSCO, Thomson-Gale, and JSTOR store past issues of periodicals that are available as a subscription service. These databases, that can be accessed via the Internet, have made almost all recent periodicals, and many books, available to library patrons in digital format. Today's post-modern school library media center is a virtual library that makes vast amounts of information available almost anywhere in the world. The ability to store information in a compressed form has been accomplished by using a wide variety of media formats. Information can be stored on paper, film, plastic, and solid state electronics. This has presented the challenge of creating an environment

Network Security Essay Example for Free

Network Security Essay You are interested in starting your own Music Store, QualitySounds, in a suburban area of your town. You need to design and build a network and computing solution for your stores. You have done some initial planning and you will start with two stores (but you plan to add two more stores across town within one year). Your store will sell new and used music and allow customers to get â€Å"online† in your stores and download music. You also will offer classes on how to setup music downloads and configure MP3 devices. You took computer networking courses in college and you feel you can tackle this solution yourself. Upon initial planning, you have identified the following requirements for your network: * Connects three office computers and one computer used for Point-of-Sale (POS) services at each of your stores. You also want six (6) computers in the lobby/store where patrons can download music and you can run â€Å"training classes† for people to learn about using MP3 players and get other basic information. The two offices have to be connected into one cohesive network, sharing POS services and other critical company information. You also need to provide a â€Å"hand out† casual area for people to stop in and discuss music and connect wirelessly to the Internet (you might even offer free coffee to entice people to come in to your store). * Provides adequate security for all of the company communications and documents (especially sensitive sales documents). All POS services must be protected. All general network access should be segmented from the company POS services. * Fast and have additional capacity as the company grows * Provides for centralized printing * Supports the eventual addition of other stores to the network * Provides customers with a general information Website and a secure Website where clients can buy services, and products * Provides for limited downtime (24 hour downtime maximum) * Provides for centralized management and control of the computers in the two stores, so that you can maintain the network from off-site * Provides for long-term cost effectiveness * Provides a suite of software tools for the employees to effectively communicate and a POS solution for the stores The company does not have any equipment. Your plan should include a complete network and computer system that meets these requirements and future expansion plans. The two store locations will (eventually) be within a five-mile radius of each other. The locations are within a suburban area that has current technological infrastructures and related technology offerings. The stores will need a sales system and print services for invoices. Complete your proposal including costs for computing equipment, network infrastructure, network servers, printers, and related hardware, software, and accessories. Include as much detail as possible as well as justification as to your selections. Diagram and explain your physical network and computer design as well as the logical network design (server installation, domain layout, etc.). As you are a small business, cost is a major factor and should be minimized.

The Internationalisation Process Of Sime Darby Berhad Economics Essay

The Internationalisation Process Of Sime Darby Berhad Economics Essay This study will describe and analyse the internationalisation process of a leading Malaysian-based MNC called Sime Darby Berhad (SDB). The assignment will identify the structure and actions of this company in forming its expansion processes including the motivations for international investment, competitive strategies, and selection of foreign entry approaches. CASE COMPANY: SIME DARBY BERHAD (SDB) The following are reasons why Sime Darby was chosen as a case sample: It was the first multinational corporation in Malaysia is one of the largest corporations in the whole of Southeast Asia. The company has a long history of international trading activities and is one of the most internationally integrated companies. The company, which has focused concentration on how the management gained internationalisation knowledge and experience when operating the organisation, has been a Malaysian multinational from its foundation as it became a Malaysian unit through acquisition by the Malaysian Government in 1977. The group is widely diversified with interests in almost all economic sectors as well as plantations, energy, heavy equipment, motor vehicle delivery, travel and tourism, healthcare, and property development, both nationally and internationally. Sime Darby Berhad consequently represented the countrys leading business organisation as a diversified corporation. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPING COUNTRY MNCS It has been realised that theories on the internationalisation of companies are mainly based on Western multinational corporations. Starting from Vernons product life cycle theory, (1966, 1971) through the Uppsala international expansion stage model (Johanson and Weidersheim-Paul, 1975; Johanson and Vahlne, 1977) and the more recent works of Dunning on his eclectic paradigm theory (Dunning, 1993, 1995). However, the model does appear to be relevant in the early stages of internationalisation, however, the model is unreflective on issues regarding strategic elements, situational contingency, considerably still and competitive forces. In addition, as the trend of outward investments from developing countries began to increase in the 1990s (United Nation, 1988, 1993) the body of literature concerning these latter investments and entry modes has been developed and enlarged notably. Referring to the scholars on developing country MNCs, ownership advantages of these businesses vary, and there are two separate waves of development: Differing as regards historical background, nature of business, extent of the role of government in operations and transactions, geographical direction, and mode of internationalisation activity. Scholars have described developing country MNCs in the 1980s as those more anxious with cost competitiveness or their competitors (van Hoesel, 1999). On the other hand, developing country MNCs in the 1990s placed bigger stress on the development and direction of business strategies in reaction to the changing forms of world business structure brought about by trade liberalisation and economic globalisation (Dunning et al., 1997). They also resulted in more stress on technological capability as the source of competitive advantage (Pananond and Zeithmal, 1998). The gradual growth of skills, technological and information effort has led in growing the sources of ownership advantages for developing country MNCs. Such views are reliable on the internationalisation process literature (Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975). Known now as the Uppsala Internationalisation Model, this literature discusses the importance of internationalisation knowledge and its process throughout a firms internationalisation expansion. The model outlines that lack of knowledge of foreign markets generates an obstruction to internationalisation, and that this knowledge can only be obtained by experience of international markets. The Uppsala school spread the idea of incremental international development to the whole process of a firms internationalisation from exporting to foreign direct investment (FDI). Considering the fact that Malaysian MNCs are new and emerging to the international field, mainly in terms of outward investment, internationalisation theory is of value in explaining the appearance of these corporations. BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY The structure of the group, the product and geographical diversification is a process which is complex and overlapping. However it can be categorised by four chronological periods: the early development where it transformed from a plantation based to a trading business (1910-1929), then came its domestic expansion which was in 1929-1950s. Next came conglomerate diversification (1950s present day), and finally the companys international expansion (1970s present). It is vital to be aware of the groups history because this then offers knowledge about the organisational development and provides us with insight that may act as a basis for decisions about the future (Eisenhardt, 1989; Gummesson, 1991). Early Development: from Plantation-based to Trading -based business (1910 1929) The company Sime Darby was established in 1910 by two British planters, a Scottish man, William Middleton Sime and Henry Darby, got together and formed a company so they could manage 500 acres of Radell Rubber estates in the state of Malacca. This would bring them a capital of US$20,000. The company was first known as Messrs Sime Darby Co Limited (Malaysian Business, 1 September 2003). As it was a managing agent for several plantation companies, it then began doing general trading as the demand for the rubber estates goods and services grew. The company then set up a branch office in Singapore in 1915 and with its increasing volume of trade, it soon became an agency that did many general trading activities. These included acting as selling agents for various different firms and manufacturers, importing and exporting businesses and supplying a wide variety of consumer products both domestically and internationally. They then set up an office in London as a network branch to market the companys rubber. They then bought more plantation land from the profits they were making from the rubber. The company then bought the British competitor R.G. Shaw Co in 1926 and also began discounting, insurance brokering and money brokering (Utrecht, 1981). Domestic Expansion (1929 1950s) Due to the success of the plantation based business, the group had their first wave of expansion particularly in the rubber, cocoa and palm oil plantations. In 1929 the company acquired the Sarawak Trading Company which owned a franchise of Caterpillar equipment and this proved to be a huge milestone for them. The land they were frequently purchasing needed heavy earth-moving equipment for its development. Sime Darby began entering other lucrative business fields such as engineering, electronics and management services after the Second World War in 1952 (Allen and Donnithorne, 1957). After years of hard work, the company grew to include activities such as finance, supply, sales and shipping products for several plantations and by 1954 the company had a total of 18 offices in Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei and the British North Borneo and managed over 80,000 acres of rubber land. Then in 1946 they purchased Ewart Co. Conglomerate Diversification (1950s present) Due to their success, by the late 1950s, the company had become large enough to have a holding company in London known as Sime Darby Holding Limited. Naturally the company decided to extend their activities from just trading to manufacturing. In 1971 Sime Darby had been established as a major force in the plantation industry through the acquiring of Seafield Amalgamated Co. and Consolidated Plantations. Even prior to Malaysian independence, Sime Darby gained multinational status due to its rapid growth and extensive diversification. (Ragayah, 1999). Because of this strategic significance as an MNC, and to guard the national interest whereby various critics viewed the largely British management of the company as a painful reminder of imposing utilisation, the Malaysian Government through its trust agency Pernas or National Corporation acquired the company in the mid-1970s. Sime Darby became among the first Malaysian multinationals in the country through this process. The company originally expanded within plantations but because of the groups desire to grow further into non-core activities they were led to major diversifications in many industries, starting in the early 1980s. These included motor vehicles, paint and tyre manufacturing in 1981, oil and gas in 1983, property and insurance in 1984, health and hospitality in 1990, travel and tourism in 1991, power generation in 1994, finance in 1996, hypermarkets in 2000, and retail petroleum in 2001. Through its own subordination, Sime Darby diversified into a range of projects such as hospitals, housing expansion, manufacturing, gasoline and motor fuel circulation, shipping operations, shop lots, golf courses and various others. Sime Darbys national growth was due to three major waves. The first wave of development was fixed in the plantations sector. The second wave was rooted in geographical growth of its trading business, and finally, the third wave covered a variety of diversified business strategies both upstream and downstream, such as oil and gas, financial services, property development, energy, and motor vehicle distribution. The group used a market sector approach to enlarge its business operations both domestically and internationally. International Expansion (1970s present) As Malaysia was the biggest producer of rubber and cocoa in the world during the 1970s, Sime Darbys global exposure began through international trading with the exports of commodity products such as the above mentioned. (Allen and Donnithorne, 1957). The companys astonishing expansion, both geographically and sectorally began in the early 1970s with the purchase of China Engineers (Holdings) Limited, Harpers International Limited, and Amoy Canning Corporation (Hong Kong) Limited, which are all based in Hong Kong (United Nations, 1985). Each came with its benefits, Amoy Canning provided the production of canned food, China Engineers provided many things such as engineering, manufacturing, shipping activities and insurance. Harpers provided Sime Darby with the franchise for the distribution of Ford, BMW, and Mitsubishi automobiles (ibid). Sime Darby obtained the company Shaw and Co. in the United Kingdom which was involved in investment, shipping and trading with substantial investments in South Asia. With the acquisition of Clive Holding Ltd and Guy Butler Robt Bradford Co, Sime Darby moved into discounting, broking and insurance (United Nations, 1985). Having been successful market players since 1928 and the sole Caterpillar dealer in Malaysia for over 70 years, Sime Darby managed to penetrate the market in Singapore via tractors. Caterpillar is so successful, that 95% of Sime Darbys business in the sector of heavy equipment comes from the sales of Caterpillar products. The company also worked closer to home by venturing in downstream processing activities by purchasing Edible Products Ltd which is a major vegetable oil refinery in Singapore. Organisationally, the international expansion of the Company can be categorised into four main regions. Neighbouring Asian countries with similar cultural backgrounds were given priority. Sime Darbys international operations, like its domestic business activities, involved five core areas which were energy, property, heavy equipment, plantations and motors. During the study, the group consisted of 185 additional and associated companies that were participating in various different business activities in the Malaysian market. In regards to the companies international operations, the group collectively had 46 companies in Hong Kong, 9 in the Philippines, 72 in Singapore, 11 in Australia, 5 in Indonesia and 19 in other developing countries. Of these developing countries, the group had 12 companies in the United Kingdom, 2 in the US and 15 in New Zealand (Sime, 2006). The major strength that Sime Darby has lies within the region of Southeast Asia with a smaller, restricted coverage in other areas of Asia. When looking at the groups gross revenue and pre-tax profits over the past four years, it can be noted that the overseas operations accounted for 60% 35% respectively with Malaysia, Hong Kong, Singapore and Australia collectively, taking the lead for posting revenues in excess of RM 1 billion. Due to the fact that Sime Darby has operations in 20 different countries, it is clear that international business is one of the key sources of growth for the group. The following section will identify and explain how the company has built up its ownership advantages and its business strategy. DISCUSSION: AN ANALYSIS OF SIME DARBY INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION Â  Normally, a company becomes multinational by undergoing three different stages. Firstly, the firm begins as a domestic company and acquires technological, management and marketing capabilities through the normal process of development, to become a domestic leader. Then, due to the limitation of the domestic market forces, the company is motivated to begin exporting abroad so as to increase its revenue. Finally, when these exports come under threat by tariff protection or competition, the company uses its competitive advantage ad produces goods abroad which directly involve them in investment (United Nations, 1985; Johanson and Vahlne, 2003). Following this inspection, a close look at Sime Darbys development as a national MNC, uncovers that the company was in fact internationalised prior to its emergence as a Malaysian conglomerate. Overnight, through the acquisition of a British firm operating in the country, the group became a Malaysian MNC. Up until the companys residence was transferred from the United Kingdom to Malaysia in 1979, Sime Darby had been a British controlled corporation. After consulting investment bankers Rothschild, the Malaysian government purchased several shares in the London Stock Market in line with the New Economic Policy (NEP) which increased Malay equity. In 1977, Sime Darbys equity became Malaysian owned largely due to the efforts of Tradewinds Sendirian Berhad. Sime Darby had international corporations in numerous countries before its foundation as a Malaysian MNC. This included offices in Singapore and London to further support their international operations. The discussion presented here is that the procedures adopted by the Malaysian government via its state agencies indicated a revolution in the ways of internalisation and also went beyond traditional theories of FDI as illustrated by most scholars. However, it could be argued that the company had overcome important internal and ownership advantages created by nationalisation and favourable treatment by the Malaysian government as had been noted by Dunnings OLI theory (Dunning, 1993, 1995). Nonetheless, the situation of SD outlines an attractive and appealing option to companies trying to become international by purchasing an existing MNC. Government intervention and nationalisation are in doubt to happen in all circumstances, but sometimes government can increase MNC development in different. The emergence of SD as a Malaysian MNC supports the theory raised by Oviatt and McDougall that the firm can be internationalised from its setting up. They may begin their international involvemen t directly from foundation instead. Nonetheless, this theory stresses that such companies gain ownership advantages even before to their establishment. In the United Kingdom, the group bought Carboxyl Chemical Ltd, which manufactures wires, lubricants and defoaments. Clearly, the international expansion of the SD group creates challenges to the internationalisation literature, which suggests that firms may minimise the risk of involvement when they first enter the international market and that it will assume a higher degree of involvement and resource commitment. However, the groups common use of equity participation through acquisition of firms operating in the country and abroad seems contradictory to that proposition. This contradiction may result from narrow assumptions about developing country firms which have been portrayed as small, having limited resources and lacking in management capabilities (Yeung, 1994). Another alternative for SDs participation in international expansion is joint venture with foreign partners. In some countries, the group decided to set up joint ventures with local partners in the host countries to the shared benefit of both sides. There are several reasons for SD to expand internationally and choose a particular country to be the recipient of its investments. Such as finding new markets, home government disincentives, higher returns on investment, diversifying risks cheap and abundant resources, competition to enter new markets, overcoming import restrictions and to exploit technological innovations and the production process better. These may be classified as push or pull factors. As with these views, SDs international growth was driven by its goal to hunt for growth continuously through entry into new markets abroad and to ease the export of products to another country, especially in other developing countries. This was the reason for the group to set up regional divisions in countries like Singapore, the Philippines, Hong Kong and Australia to maintain its business. This is because the developing countries offered opportunities for growth and also shared some similar characteristics with which the group were familiar. From the interviews of key executives in the company, there are three main reasons appear to be important for SD to invest abroad. The first is to take advantage of market opportunities. The second is to diversify risks. And, the third is related to motivations which consistently counts on diversification to escape high costs, labour, and other resource limitation in Malaysia. An equally important factor is the familiarity of the countries where the investment is directed, in the sense of common or shared experiences in history, culture, economics and even politics. From the point of view of location strategy, familiarity with the country and closeness to Malaysia will be the main criteria. Diversifying risk is also an important determinant of the choice of overseas location. SD emphasises that the very nature of its organisation is to diversify risk by having a spread of products or geographically located businesses. The diversification strategy has worked for the group, since it may be that one business is declining but that it will be compensated for by the other businesses. The groups strategy in its investment is to be a long term player and try to make business work in every economic condition. In some countries, the groups business strategy was to start in trading; this then provided a window on opportunities, enabling SD to identify both new businesses and partners for establishing joint ventures. With regard to its long-term strategy, SD wants to strengthen its position in the Asian regional market, and then the next logical step for SD is to be truly global. For this, it has to aim at inclusion in the Fortune 500 companies and thus must strengthen its presence in the European Community and the North American markets. Although it has set up subsidiaries, joint ventures and acquisitions in the United Kingdom and the United States, these are still inadequate. Moreover, it needs to be rather more aggressive about growing the business that it already has, as well as establishing new ones (ibid). Managerially, there are many lessons to be drawn from the case analysis. They include the following: Managers need to avoid narrow or parochial views with regard to potential MNC development. There are many and diverse routes to such. Strategic initiatives such as joint venture are not purely dependent on cultural criteria, but on competitive circumstances, government support or lack of it, technological innovation, capitalisation, and managerial skills and know-how. The rationale for going abroad relies on opportunism, risks aversion, and managerial motivation. Strategies for entry will vary based on individual country criteria coupled with the three items mentioned above. With regard to relevance and transferability to other Asian, national, company or cultural contexts, undoubtedly, new and old business models and modelling processes for FDI and internationalisation processes abound. Few, however, have concerned Malaysian-owned, Malaysian-managed MNCs. CONCLUSION This piece of work has studied both domestic and international development of the Sime Darby group, which is one of the largest Malaysian multinational corporations. SD can be viewed as a new model of internationalisation process due to it being internationalised from its foundation through the takeover of foreign companies operating in the country. The company grew through expanding its capacity as a widely spread corporation. The groups different internal and external sources, such as extensive marketing, strong brand names and good management capabilities have resulted in gaining ownership advantages amongst other rivalries. Also, Sime Darbys special relationship with the Malaysian government through its state agencies and trust played an important role in the groups development. Its domestic and international development was also achieved by maintaining the groups ties with foreign partners in developing its technological capabilities. SD is at the front line of Malaysias drive into the international ground as one of Asias leading corporation. SDs strongest ground is the Asia Pacific and its energy has mainly been directed to this area, but projects have also been made further for some of its investment, such as in the United Kingdom, the USA, Egypt and South Africa. Sime Darby has grown beyond the boundaries of the region and will continue to expand its perspectives in future FDI. After acknowledging the need to become familiar to the confronts of internationalisation, the group has outlined the broad strategies that it believes are important for it to compete successfully in the international field. With these are: Planning for continuous growth in related businesses through horizontal and vertical combination SDs overall strategy is to keep its reputation as Malaysias leading conglomerate, focusing mainly on the growth of the Asia Pacific region through products and services of excellent quality. Consider a learning culture which supports the contribution of knowledge across geographical partitions and organisational limitations. http://www.business-and-management.org/download.php?file=2008/3_221-36-Ahmad,Kitchen.pdf

English Language Essays Language play in Literature

English Language Essays Language play in Literature What is the role of language play in literature? Language play, the use of words and language to create new and unusual meanings and correspondences, has long been used by authors to ensure that their words have an impact on readers. Poets, playwrights and novelists, both classic and contemporary, use language play to conjure the readers’ imagination without wordy descriptions or long explanations. Language play affords writers the opportunity to say more with less, evoking vivid imagery causing the reader to feel the action, rather than simply reading words on a page. â€Å"Literary language is different from everyday language because it draws attention to some property of the language itself, and highlights or foregrounds it. This foregrounding surprises the reader into a fresh perception and appreciation of the subject matter.† (Jeffries, 1996, p. 163) There are many different type of foregrounding used by authors, most of which are also considered to be types of language play. Out of the tradition of language play comes the phrase â€Å"to play on words† which usually refers to the most basic form of language play, punning. But this phrase can also be taken in this context to refer to other types of language play including: metaphors, similes, rhyme, alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia, and many other more technical forms of language play. Many authors use language play to create their own distinct style, not only setting their words and ideas apart, but also themselves as writers. These authors have used language play to break literary conventions and create their own literary trademarks. One of the most notable authors known to persistently use language play in their literature is William Shakespeare, who broke conventions of subject matter and language use far before his time. Shakespeare’s use of language play has ensured that his plays remain relevant to this day, while the works of his contemporaries often appear dated or irrelevant today. Shakespeare instilled timelessness in his works by using numerous language play conventions to create visual pictures for his readers and audiences. He mixed the use of poetry and prose in his plays to mark changes in the narrative, notably the movement from conversation to soliloquies. This use of language play is effective both when reading the texts and listening to the words aloud. As text the movement from prose to poetry has a distinctly different look on the page, just as the rhythm of speech changes when read aloud. In his poetry he often uses rhyme, alliteration (the repetition of consonants), assonance (the repetition of vowels) and onomatopoeia (words that sound like the things or actions they describe, such as, pop) to create a distinct, memorable rhythm within the text. This use of language play within the text also creates text which is notably easier for actors to recite and remember. But probably the most notable language play convention used by Shakespeare is punning, which he used to great effect both in his tragedies and comedies. â€Å"Shakespeare was a dedicated punster, not only for comic but also tragic purpose†¦. An example is Hamlet’s cry: Is thy union here? Hamlet, v. iii. 340) When he realises that his mother has drunk the wine laced with a poisoned pearl (a union) by the man she has joined in union or marriage, thus bringing about her union with death. Here a pun compresses meanings and emotions in a powerful and poignant manner. (Cook, 1996, p. 220–221). Shakespeare also used punning for comedic purposes in his comedies and romances. There are numerous examples of banter in Shakespeare’s comedies. These banters often not only serve a comedic purpose but also move to develop characters or shed insight on to the plot. In Twelfth Night the fool or clown character, Feste, appears by the end of the play to be the most intelligent and insightful character, and as a result he is loved and respected by all. FESTE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Good madonna, why mournst thou? OLIVIA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Good Fool, for my brothers death. FESTE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I think his soul is in hell, madonna. OLIVIA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I know his soul is in heaven, fool. FESTE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The more fool, madonna, to mourn for your brothers soul,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   being in heaven. Take away the fool, gentlemen. (Shakespeare, Act. 1 Scene 5) In this passage Shakespeare uses word frequency to focus the readers attention on the role of Feste as the fool. The effect of word frequency is that as words are repeated they gain a greater effect upon the reader, (Graddol, et. al. 1994, p. 227-228). As the word fool is repeated throughout the passage, and throughout the play, it focuses the readers attention to the irony in that the one character that can see everything that is going on within the complicated play if Feste, the fool. At the beginning of scene five Olivia calls for Feste to be taken away because she does not understand what he is trying to say, he then proves himself to be more sound of mind then she, the true Shakespearean fool. â€Å"People’s understanding of texts not only depend on a general knowledge of the world, but also involve strategies of comprehension which are not peculiar to language (Graddol, et. al. 1994, p. 218). In this sense authors often depend on reader’s knowledge, assumptions and opinions to gain the reactions they desire from their readers. Thus, in Twelfth Night even though Feste is referred to as the fool the audience soon learns to listen to him for insight into the story. Just as Shakespeare uses language play to enrich his plays and ensure their timelessness, similarly, Gabriel Garcia Marquez infuses his works with evocations of the magical and surreal, while remaining within the classification of literary fiction, rather than crossing the boundary into science fiction, although many of his story-lines could easily be classified as science fiction or fantasy. Marquez uses unusual metaphors to create a unique world where, often, the past present and future coincide, yet Marquez presents his narratives in such a visual and powerful fashion, that they not do not appear strange. ‘Through the window he contemplated the sea grown drowsy in the ennui of four o’clock, and realised with a heavy heart the swallows had returned,’ (Marquez, 1995, p. 20). In this passage Marquez uses language play in a number of ways. Firstly he uses the reader’s assumptions of what certain words should mean and which other words they should be grouped with, these assumptions are referred to as schemas and frames (Graddol, et. al., 1994, p. 216-8). Furthermore he uses collocation (Jeffries, 1996, p. 169), which is linked to the idea of schemas and frames, using the idea of grouping unusual words to create an impact upon the reader. In his description of the â€Å"sea grown drowsy† Marquez uses the idea that most readers would see the sea as unruly and goes against that by describing it as drowsy, creating a sense of melancholy with only a few words. He also uses the readers understanding of the phrases â€Å"heavy heart† and â€Å"swallows returning† to express the idea of sadness in time passing. Without saying that time has passed the use of the phrase â€Å"the swallows had returned† indicates to the reader that it is now spring and the character in question is unhappy about it. Both authors manage to resist being pigeonholed by using language play to paint vivid dynamic pictures in the reader’s imagination. They depend on the reader to fill in the details of what they are describing, and in doing so avoiding the need to describe details which could confine them to a specific period or genre of literature. If there were no language play, there would be no literature because there would be only one way of saying any one thing. Language play affords authors the ability to personalise their thoughts, and those of their characters, creating dynamic narratives. Much of literature is referential, but without the use of language play we would merely have repetition rather than reference. â€Å"No text is produced which is not in some way affected by texts, both spoken and written, literary and non-literary, that have gone before it’ (Jeffries, 1996, p. 181). It is their use of language rather than their ideas, which set authors apart from one another. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cook, G. â€Å"Language play in English† (pp. 198-227). In: Maybin, J. and Mercer, N. (1996). Using English: From conversation to canon. London: Routledge. Graddol, D., Cheshire, J. Swann, J. (1994). Describing Language. â€Å"7.4: Written Language.† (pp. 214-234). Buckingham Philadelphia: Open University Press. Jeffries, L. â€Å"What makes English into art?† (pp. 162-184). In: Maybin, J. and Mercer, N. (1996). Using English: From conversation to canon. London: Routledge. Marquez, G.G. (1995) Of Love and other Demons (translated from Spanish by Edith Grossman). Toronto: Knopf Canada. Shakespeare, W. Twelfth Night. Act 1, Scene 5. In: http://www.shakespeare-literature.com/Twelfth_Night/5.html

e-books Essay -- Library Science, Myilibrary, Netlibrary

The library and information centres have undertaken collection management of printed books and now challenges in developing collection of electronic resources (e-resources) are waiting. Electronic books (e-books) consist of printed books being digitized or born digitally, the starting rise of new electronic formats. The increase number of e-books especially in UK also brings challenges to the publishers and aggregators, the importance in managing and promoting â€Å"e-books as the new electronic medium† (Armstrong and Lonsdale 2005). This essay will look at issues being addressed surrounding the management and promoting the e-books. One of the issues to be addressed in managing e-books is the selection and acquisition e-books. Librarians especially the academic librarians need to concern on selecting and acquisition new e-books, e-textbooks and titles associated to the students’ fields and demands. The librarians should train in considering the demands of e-books for distance learning, placements students and selecting printed books as back up to e-books’ (Armstrong and Lonsdale 2009). Acquiring the e-books from publishers and aggregators become issues in managing the e-books. The pricing and business model through subscription provides easy methods and ‘aggregators would be more attractive option than through publishers’ (Armstrong, Edwards and Lonsdale 2002). For the writer, e-book aggregators such as NetLibrary and Credo Reference give more advance access and tools for library, user of groups, relevance information and formats of e-book availability in pdf or web. However, subscript ions of e-books can be difficult. Libraries want to have ‘fewer complexes models and fair pricing structures’ (Ball 2009) and Edwards (2001) summari... ...ons. It is recommended stakeholders and JISC e-BOOK Working Group (Armstrong and Lonsdale 2005) are working together for effectively promoting strategies for e-books to all libraries. The e-book collections are no longer close entities but open widely to users. The libraries especially the academic libraries should concern on selecting e-books references for students and researchers. Issues concerned including the consideration giving effective ways on access and promotion need to be accounted. However, ‘Usage and licensing conditions vary widely and are not always library-friendly’ (Ball 2009). Licensing and bibliographical access still the crucial challenges for collection managements especially in relates to cost and legal legislate deposits. All the issues discussed above come up with literatures and approaches to issues of managing e-book collections.

Technology Against Progress Essay -- Technology Society

Have you ever wonder why you find yourself stuck in an electric breakdown not knowing what to do with your self? Or being compel to look your e-mail or Facebook account everyday day? You are not the only one, our society is depending on an omnipresent source of technology that is affecting every moment of our lives. We are using it as a way to deliver and receive information, to entertain ourselves and express our individuality. It has been growing exponentially since the dawn of time to fulfill humanity’s aspiration. Although, for the new generations, it as been affecting them negatively in crucial aspects of their lives. The lack of physical activities is the number one cause of overweight and obesity for teenagers. Research as proved that, â€Å"For adolescents aged 12 to 17, increases in overweight and obesity rates over the past 25 years have been notable; the overweight or obesity rate of this age group more than doubled, and the obesity rate tripled† (Margot Shileds, 2008, p.2). Of course, technologies might not be the only source of this issue but consider this, â€Å"For children aged 6 to 11 and adolescents aged 12 to 17, the likelihood of being overweight or obese tends to rise as time spent watching TV, playing video games or using the computer increases†. (Margot Shileds, 2008, p.2). In addition, â€Å"According to research, playing video games accelerates the speed at which dopamine, believed â€Å"reinforce behavior that produces pleasure,† is produced. Addictive drugs such as cocaine and heroin cause the brain to produce more dopamine†(Murray McArthur, 2008, p.418). As you can see, entertainment have a price; not only adolescent spend more time in front of technology apparatuses but they can become strongly addicted to them. ... ...eds, Margot. Measured Obesity: Overweight Canadian children and adolescents (2008)p.2: For adolescents aged 12 to 17, increases in overweight and obesity rates over the past 25 years have been notable; the overweight or obesity rate of this age group more than doubled, and the obesity rate tripled. For children aged 6 to 11 and adolescents aged 12 to 17, the likelihood of being overweight or obese tends to rise as time spent watching TV, playing video games or using the computer increases. Stoll, Clifford. High Tech Heretic: Why Computers Don’t Belong in the Classroom and Other Reflections by a Computer Contrarian. New York: Doubleday, 1999. Print. as quoted in: Jane E. Aaron, Murray McArthur (2010). Little, Brown Compact Handbook Fourth Canadian Edition p.418. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Education Press.

“Lines Written in Early Spring,” by William Wordsworth Essay

â€Å"Lines Written in Early Spring,† by William Wordsworth, sets the tone within the title. The thought of early spring brings new life and harmony to the mind of the reader. A vision of Wordsworth sitting in a open field, observing the flowers budding and bunnies hopping around comes to the reader’s mind. He â€Å"heard a thousand blended notes† of birds singing and the world blooming around him, thoughts of Bambi are brought to mind. Spring, for me, creates a feeling of joy, and I think it is the best of the four seasons. A new start for all life to live as one and get along. The next two lines could be quite confusing after the first reading. A â€Å"sweet mood† causes his â€Å"pleasant thoughts/ [to] bring sad thoughts to mind.† At first, I wondered how a sweet mood and pleasant thoughts could possibly bring sad thoughts, but when I thought about it, I realized that sometimes when you’re at your happiest moment, sad memories and ponderings come to mind. Wordsworth continues explaining that his soul was linked to Nature and her works through the wonder of spring. The image of the human soul running through him brings an apparent depth to the poem, turning the theme from spring to a more intimate perspective of man. â€Å"And much it grieved my heart to think/ what man has made of man.† The lines question a topic that most people will never fathom in their lifetimes. He describes his grieving over the topic of man’s world. To grieve, as defined by Dictionary.com, means â€Å"to be in pain of mind on account of an evil.† This definition describes exactly how Wordsworth feels about the evil that mankind has made of his world. Lines 9 and 10 continue to depict the setting that the poet is contemplating. As the spring setting returns to mind, Wordsworth reflects on how the flower appreciates the air it breaths and the birds hop and play with pleasure. The pictures show the simplicity of Nature and her animals, but also the joy they display. He spoke of a â€Å"thrill of pleasure,† which not only uses the flow of the word â€Å"pleasure† to illustrate the purity and joy of nature, but the â€Å"thrill of† affects the reader to think not of simple joy, but of the rush and the unadulterated enjoyment of this pleasure. His longing for this type of passion and thrill connects himself to nature by paradoxically  displaying the difference between man and nature. The detail with which Wordsworth writes about â€Å"budding twigs† spreading out to â€Å"catch the air† creates an aura of lust for the appreciation of the simple things in life. Leonard Skynard wrote a song called â€Å"Simple Man† which asks for a man to keep his life simple and realize that he is merely an object of God and he must remember to appreciate everything. The song and the poem are close in connection, with the same major theme of appreciation of the simple things. Wordsworth believes that this pleasure is sent from heaven and is part of Nature’s holy plan. He realizes that God is behind all things, large and small and man so often forgets to recognize the value of the air he breathes in and then flowers he picks. Speaking of â€Å"Nature’s holy plan,† I think he trust that Nature and God are one and their plans for man are the same, but they will only work if man realizes the right path to follow. The last two lines leave us with the question â€Å"Have I not reason to lament/ what man has made of man?† Wordsworth wants his reader to realize that we should all grieve for the sorrow that we cause ourselves. Man has made himself what he is today, a busy, selfish, evil person, an outcome for which we should grieve. The question leaves the reader to ponder the meaning of life and all the deep questions that are buried deep within the human soul, the questions unanswerable by words, yet only through actions.

Bcc Job Profile

Bain Capability midst Analyst Job Description What is Bain? We atomic number 18 a leading(a) global strategy consulting firm with 41 offices in 27 countries Our business is to help make companies more(prenominal) valuable Our clients include the top circumspection of some of the worlds leading companies and private equity investors What is Bain Capability warmheartedness? BCC is the offshore group of Bain & Company that provides analytical support to Bain case teams across the humanity We assist in assessing key issues, death penalty analysis, drawing insights and making recommendations on separate pieces of client work across a range of different industries and capabilitiesWhat you forget do as an analyst? Help limn the right questions and analysis to solve clients captious issues Find ways to get the information and help answer critical questions employ Bains proprietary toolkit and fact-establish approach to confirm answers Communicate recommendations to Bain teams including Partners and Managers in global offices What you depart learn? Business judgment based on practical business knowledge Logical thinking to break-down complex questions into simpler tasks uninflected skills for rapidly assessing industries and companiesHow your cargoner will relegate inwardly BCC/Bain? We provide continuous homework and coaching throughout your career so that you learn at each level We offer opportunities to transfer to other offices if the gather up arises Analyst programme is for 2 old age after which you may progress as Associates and then Project Leaders within BCC Other alternatives include moving to BCC shared Services and Bain Consulting. All these career paths are dependant on need/ contend and are merit basedWhat type of projects you will work on? Developing right potential market opportunity in Asia-Pacific for a US-based bar code newswriter manufacturer Designing and developing change inventory tracking tool for an worldwide luggage company to track and calculate inventory levels Analyzing Bains annual worldwide employee refresh and providing critical company performance info to all offices globally How to apply? occupy submit your cover letter and CV t

Team Work & Job Design: Teams Automatically Perform at High Levels.

police squad behave & military control name Teams mechanic whole(a)y dress at noble takes. Introduction Job design is the process of deciding which tasks and responsibilities pass on be undertaken by a particular employee. It as well as covers the rules, systems and procedures for the browse. In todays business environment, proper chore design later on part benefactor a party to sour to a greater extent(prenominal) achieverful and competitive in the market. The theory of stock design, as we accredit it today, rests for the most part on the premise that force outive effect and good satisfaction in sprain follow primarily from the intrinsic content of the job(Cooper, 1974,p. 2) The squad asc contain has the ability to fulfill these criteria. Team motion is described as a co-operative process that allows ordinary flock to achieve rattling(prenominal) yields (Scarnati, 2001, p. 5). By sharing a common remainder or vision, the police squad give the sack accomplish what separates can non do alone (Scarnati, 2001, p. 6). As squads attempt to accomplish a number of tasks and functions, some of the tasks whitethorn not blood line into whatever of the singulars present job scopes. In an ideal situation, police squad wee-wee can combine the intelligence, bewilder, intimacy, scientific disciplines and commitments of the police squad up sections into a much fibrous drive.Depending on the task, engine room involved, the organizations social structure and how the assemblage is conditiontle in regard to authority, chat, attitudes, behaviors and expectations of mountain involved, a squad can be ineffective for both the case-by-case employees and the organization. This essay antecede investigate the causalitys and effects of police squads that do not fulfil at naughty level railcarmatically, and discuss the possibility of developing a more(prenominal) effective squad. Factor To be a high exertion teamAlthough teams atomic number 18 not worthy for every business situation, this essay lead limn the key factors required to form a team that achieves at high level automatically, which leave behind uphold an organization in its competitive business environment. up beseech productivity sensation dry land why teams whitethorn perform automatically at a high level is that if members argon well-matched. Their strengths enhance their motivation, accuracy and productivity. The structure of work group or team provides umteen of the factors that ar central to the motivation of idiosyncratics (Sinclair,1992, p. 620).When each member is allowed to suffer his or her experience blend of conviction, beliefs, image and strengths, the tot up outcomes are positive and in effect(p) to all involved. Just imagine if one person in the team is very creative. This would lead the process of onward motion shot up with ideas another(prenominal) one is detailed-oriented who can do the initial resear ch. The third person, who is good at in writing(predicate) software, can pull all those skills in concert to end up with a much remedy result than an undivideds exploit. As people work in a team, they allow the combining their skills and talents with others to develop virgin approaches to solving problems.As a result, the work performance finished teams forget lead to higher(prenominal) productivity level than an individuals toughened work. One example of this is how Kodak uses team work to make work more productive. In 1990s, a cross-functional team became a part of Chryslers in the raw-fangled auto design team. This team consisted of marketing, design, engineering and manufacturing personnel. With the creation of this new team, Chrysler was able to cut more than a category from design-to-manufacture sequence, yet produced what outside experts rate as the highest attribute vehicle Chrysler has produced (Sashkin, 1994, p. 0). The example shows that a various(a) team i s more efficient if team members can top their strengthens and work well together. Upgrade Job readiness In addition to making a team more productive, improved individual knowledge and skill whitethorn generate high team performance levels automatically. Utilising a team approach can aggrandise and enrich the study, knowledge and power an individual possesses. some(prenominal) groups are brought together with the assumption that each individual has some information that the others and the group go forth need. (Zaleznik & Moment, 1964) For a common objective or task, individual team members can learn from others experience to extend their knowledge and make up their shortcomings. establish on the broader knowledge, their performance in the team could be developed which may give them more opportunities to lard their job scope horizontally or vertically. The job scope may expand horizontally by teaching some skills to someone. Job scope could be expanded vertically by becoming a attracter in a team. To help a team pretend a target successfully, a supervisor or leader is required in a team.A team leader may be teared to guide the team activities, or the team members may have the opportunity to appoint a leader from the team. The appointed leader allow for have the chance to develop and utilize leaders skills, though, the appointed leader must(prenominal) try to stop that the group process is effective and that the work is, in fact getting through (Lawler, 1986, p. 105). Therefore, high performance levels may be automatically achieved in a team if individuals advance their skills and knowledge. Without the team, individuals susceptibility be limited by the scope of their skill, knowledge and experience. High gauge decision-makingBetter quality decision-making could be considered as a federal agency to lead a team to perform at higher levels. As more ideas are produced and alternatives are considered, the team gets scalelike to making decisions that are stronger (De Janasz, et al. , p. 311). There are mevery people to contribute to the discussion, meaning more ideas. Consequently a decision could be made more accurate, and such a decision would generally be of better quality. The more decisions a team can make for the method/procedure while completing the task, the more the team go away feel responsible for achieving success in something they own. Because it is then the property of team, the quality of the outturn may increase, as it is a direct mirror image of the team and its members (Lawler, 1992). This situation is very often to seen, erstwhile the teams decision is accepted by supervisors, the team members pull up stakes automatically show their better performance and try to achieve higher levels of success. In short, outcomes will have better quality (generated through teamwork), if each member is willing to participate in the decision-making. Work impression diversity Another factor that might help teams to perf orm at high level is workforce diversity. There is evidence that a diverse workforce has better-quality solutions on brainstorming tasks, display more cooperative behaviour, relative to homogenous groups, and can raise organizational efficiency, effectiveness and profitability (McLeod, Lobel and Cox, 1996 Wilson and Iles 1999). When you have a diversity of team members, a divergent active occurs. There is a greater chance of creativity, perspective, talents and universe coming out. The author assumes that the potential advantage of forming a group of individuals with varied backgrounds has a diverse hardening is likely to be highly successful than individuals work alone.If you keep on doing what you always did then you will keep on getting what you always got. No organization wants to be caught up in this trap. more(prenominal) of the essence(predicate)ly, innovation is the key for an organisation to stand in the market. In this case, the author assumes that the potential adv antage of forming a diverse team is that it is more likely to be highly successful than individuals working alone. Reason teamwork does not happen automatically In most cases, teamwork is beneficial to business operation and problem solving. However, it cannot be utter that teamwork happens perfectly and automatically.There are several factors that can cause a team to have refuse performance levels. Loss of self-motivation Lack of self-motivation could be a major factor that prevents a team from perform at high levels automatically. The author believes that individual self-motivation is an all key(p) requirement for high productivity, efficiency and quality organizational output. On the contrary, when a team members suggestion is rejected, he or she might commend they do not need my contribution, so I will not come up with new ideas some(prenominal) more. Consequently, the individuals motivation will be reduced and conflicts may arise.Since individual self-motivation and pr ovince are reduced, he or she will not be able to share more information or even put more social movement into the common task. For example, I used to work in a company that just started running a new system, as a team leader I had lots of experience in this system. I discovered the potential problems in running the new system, but when I put forward my suggestions to the manager, the ideas were rejected. afterwards that, I did not give them any suggestions any more. As my self-motivation was destroyed, I left that job after 6 months.In this case, it is easier to discover that when individual necessitate and responsibilities are reduced, people will not be able to put in the same labor for the common task the team can be modify by showing worse and worse performance. Lack of season control Another reason that a team can not perform automatically at high level is that people have several(predicate) levels of clock time management skill. This core individual time management skill will not match automatically when they come together as a team. There is an old aphorism in business world, time is money.When there is a blast, it takes a longer time to demote the cause of the fire when a whole team of firemen are assigned this task. It will be faster and more efficient to use one expert fire investigator. For instance, there is an urgent task which has to be done in a specific time. The team leader has to explain to the team members first, then announces the goal and deadline, and next, asks for solutions, followed by discussion of the solutions. In the end, an agreement is reached and action is taken. If any procedure takes a longer time, then the total task will not be sin slight on time.Or, people may waste a lot of time on disputes and lose multitude of the deadline. If the task is only required to be set up by an individual, then the time for announcement, discussion will be skipped. Plus, individuals can make decisions quicker than teams, speci ally if output from someone is not necessary to reach the objective. Therefore, deficiency of time management skill could be considered one of the major causes of a team cannot perform effectively automatically. Inappropriate use of the team approach Some jobs are not designed for teamwork.This is specially true for some individuals that have the expert knowledge necessary to be used in current tasks. These jobs require in open work, without the existence of team dynamics. One may be pressurized to adhere to lower labor norms than they would like to avoid cosmos ostracized (Hick & Gullett, 1985). They may not have the desire to put effort and time into achieving team goals, or they might have different perceptions of the work-pace and how the goal should be accomplished. Sometimes people may feel pressured to agree with team processes and decisions, that they do not agree with. In addition, not all individuals in the work force note value intrinsic rewards and a sense of achie vement. Neither do some value the prospect a team provides of learning and broaden skills (Lawler, 1992). This normally happens in unskilled workers that do not expect self-fulfillment and growth. Contrary to the view that routinzed and insistent jobs lead to boredom and job dissatisfaction, some workers find them suitable or even desirable (Chung & Ross, 1977,p. 119) To force these unskilled workers to participate in a team can put pressure on individual work together with other team members in planning or problem solving.It will substantially create stress for them and cause conflicts within the team. Conflicts lead to miscommunication and misunderstandings which will have a negative effect on performance. Therefore, teams will not be performing at high level if the job does not need teamwork. Social Loafing Lack of accountability could be one of the biggest destroyers for a high performance team. The definition of social faineance from BusinessDictionary. com shows Tendency of certain members of a group to get by with less effort than what they would have put when working alone.Since the counselling of productivity shifts from the individual to the group, it is difficult to detect individuals output for the group project or task. Some employees sometimes feel dragged down by poor or lazy team members and may find themselves doing a tremendous beat of work to compensate for weaker colleagues. In this no winner no loser situation, if no one takes responsibility for their own job or even doesnt know what should be done, then the project will be delayed and teamwork performance will be affected by those social loafer.For instance, there was a product which our company needed to be delivered by the next working day in another city for a trade show, but the goods were not allocated to a specific person. As a result, everyone view someone else would do it, but actually nobody delivered the item. The result is obvious that we complained about the delivery serve up and stopped using their delivery service after that. The example shows the common problems in teamwork and hence lack of responsibility is an issue in team work, which will affect team performance, and customer satisfaction. DiscussionIn most cases, high levels of team performance will not be achieved automatically. It depends largely on the motives and intentions of the individuals within the team. The author has identified that the major factors that lead to team ineffectiveness are communication breakdowns leading to release of confidence and form magnitude productivity, wasted resources and effort, ill-will/bad feelings/decreased in morale, failing to fix problems and improve processes, press release of focus on customers and profits, increase study conflict, increased job-related stress/workplace tension and setting s a poor example for the work force.However, its important to realize that the discipline of effective working relationships among mental faculty is a gradual process which requires considerable time and skill, this is not meant to discourage team members, but to help them realize that teams arent created overnight (Francis, 1979 p. 261). A certain amount of frustration and conflict is normal. From study and researching, the author thinks orgiansations can improve team performance from these aspects. First of all, set a clear goal for the team assignment, which will be accepted and understood by all members. Clear goal will keep team focused, thus avoiding the divisive potential of political issues and individual agendas(Larson & etc. 1989). When individuals fully understand their responsibility in achieving the same end, a tremendous synergy will be created. Secondly, take advantage of effective communication that also will contribute to a superior team. Many times, decisions take a long time to be reached due to communication bottlenecks, but in a team where communication is rapid and prompt, any delay that may arise is mi nimized (Rees, 2001, p. 15).When team members communicate with one another by using words or actions, team members come closer together and resolve any misunderstanding in the group. Next, rewarding or punishing team members found on team performance can be a strategy to motivate teams to perform at a high level. Rewards and punishments send a powerful message to organisational members. (Robbins & Barnwell, 2006, p. 417) In this way, the individual will settle more attention to their performance and value in the team. Last but not least, team size also affects team performance, on Daglows law of team Dynamics Small teams are informed.Big teams suppose smaller teams demonstrated to have better team-work (Ziller, 1957 p. 165-173 Steiner, 1966 p. 273-283). Team size is an important determinant of the social loafing phenomenon, whereby individuals decrease their effort as the number of people in the group increases. Team size must be determined with respect to both staffing requir ements, derived from the size of the project task and teamwork requirements, derived from task complexity and uncertainness (Hoegl et al. , 2003 p. 281-302). In conclusion, better team performance is reachable. The way we put people and jobs together and define their roles and relationships is an important determinant in whether an organization is successful. (Robbins & Barnwell, 2006, p. 73) The acceptance and success of a team approach is high dependent on abilities, attitudes, motivations, and social and physical environments required or designed by the individuals bear on(Dawson, 1996). Future studies should focus on the ways teams change over time. Job design will become more and more important in the workplace for enhancing the motivation of the employees, which gives rise to high productivity and efficiency.Perhaps, different measures of effectiveness could be studied. Also various group design characteristics are more applicable in teams that have been functioning longer than in younger teams or groups that have been recently established. More also needs to be known about how to design jobs to promote higher performance levels when teams are being set up or are impudently established. Reference Social loafing. (2009, Aug 22) In BusinessDictionary ,The BusinessDictonary Retrieve on Aug 22, 2009 from http//www. businessdictionary. om/definition/social-loafing. html Chung, K. H. , & Ross, M. F. (1977). Differences in Motivational Properties among Job Enlargement and Job Enrichment. Academy of caution Review, 2, 1, 113-122. Cooper, R. (1974). Job Motivation & Job Design. London institute of Personnel direction. Dawson, S. (1996). Analysing Organisatons (3rd ed. ). London Macmillan Press Ltd. De Janasz, S. C. , Dowd K. O. , & Schneider B. Z. (2002). Interpersonal Skills in Organizations. New York McGraw-Hill. pp. 309-329. FRANCIS, D. & Young, D. 1979.Improving Work chemical groups A serviceable Manual for Team Building, La Jolla, California Univer sity Associates. pp. 261. Hicks, H. G. , & Gullett, C. R. (1985). Management (4th ed. ) Singapore McGraw-Hill, Inc. HOEGL, M. PARBOTEEAH, K. P. , & GEMUENDEN, H. G. When teamwork really matters Task innovativeness as a moderator of the teamworkperformance relationship in software development projects. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 2003, pp. 281-302. Larson, C. , LaFasto, F. (1989), Teamwork, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA,. Lawler, E. E. (1986).High-involvement Management. San FranciscoJossey-Bass Publishers, Inc. Lawler, E. E. (1992). The net Advantage creating the high-involvement organization. San Francisco Jossey-Bass Publishers, Inc. McLeod, P. L. Lobel, S. A. and Cox, T. H. , Ethnic diversity and creativity in small group, Small Group Research, Vol. 27(2), 1996, 248-64. Rees, F. (2001). How to lead work teams Facilitation skills. 2nd Edition. San Diego Pfeiffer & Company. Robbins, S. P. , & Barnwell, N. S. (2006). giving medication theory Concepts a nd cases (5th ed. ). French Frost, NSW.Pearson procreation Australia Pty Ltd. Sashkin, M. , (1994). , The New Teamwork, Amercian Management Association, New York, NY. , Scarnati James T. On becoming a team player. Team instruction execution Management. Vol. 7 (1/2), 2001, p5-10 Sinclair, A. The tyranny of a team ideology. Organisation Studies, 13, 4, 1992, p611-626. Zaleznik, A. & Moment, D. (1964). The Dynamics of Interpersonal Behavior. New York John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Ziller, Robert. C. 1957. Group size A determinant of the quality and stableness of group decisions. Amercian Sociological Association, p. 165-173.