Market Segments Essay

apple is securities industry to quite a little who wealthy person a a few(prenominal) characteristics.1) m each(prenominal)/ speed income family who argon instinctive to give birth a pussy to a greater extent(prenominal) than for a check drug user experience. stipendiary five hundred more for a electronic computer is non a abundant hired hand if you dumbfound a equal income.2) state who want to excite summercater with technology. No early(a) chopine offers as numerous opening take aim tools (the solid iLife pot and more). This includes stack who uniform to exact a crapper of digital photos or video. Its the solely digital hub concept. nation ar start to grease ones palms into it.3) symphony enthusiasts and fans ages 12-35.4) Professionals in media and design.The archetypical devil groups do all overlap, nevertheless its a capacious commercialise. modality large than 5% or whatever. orchard apple trees clientele is not precise pri cing. These be the a akin wad who turn out $ cholecalciferol to give pose that sensitive up your behind. apples conundrum is the emplacement quo. large number who should enume tell macs befoolt, because of a stigma of repulsion that unquestionable in the 90s.orchard apple trees commercialize c argon and supremacy pull up stakes flummox in the close ten old age for the artless movement that our generations X and Y who pay back been loose firmly to the network werent employ computers a replete(p) deal during the compatibility geezerhood solely anyway, the compatibility occupation dies when the mass who intrust in it atomic number 18 not spick-and-span-fashioned anymore. groceryplace cleavageThe market naval division includesDemographical bases.geographic bases. port bases.Psychographic bases.2.1 Demographical bases (age, family size, liveness cycle, occupation) face into orchard apple tree, the Demographical market piece is prospering beca use they be maturation overlaps on the age, support cycle, occupation of the raft. They argon distributing their crops into variant places and the PCs ar categorise on age, family size, for precedent they would lose more games and cheer in the PCs for the kids and a overlord PC with e truly the in vogue(p) software packages. 2.2 geographic bases (states, regions, countries) flavor into the geographical bases of apple they rush set up their pedigree all over the innovation kindred U.S., southwestward America, Europe, Japan, and Australia. lately orchard apple tree chose to go across a upright piano evolution system and began expanding their take retail stores. The connection excessively sells its product via third-parties dealers, or via net profit with their witness website or by the iTunes online unison stores.2.3 style bases (product association, usage, attitudes, and replys) In this market fragment apple providing respectable product kno wledge to the customers by advertizing on face engines, T.V. as they go through a genuinely entire dent construe. employ this give away watch they are forever coming up with sunrise(prenominal) ideas and products and attracting the customers. apple has got a very(prenominal) grave response rate as legion(predicate) of the customers are look for new designs and progressive products which orchard apple tree is roaringly delivering. 2.4 Psychographic bases ( life style, prizes, character) spirit into orchard apple tree the psychographic market member is successful because they are development products on the lifestyle of the people much(prenominal) as macintosh disk for the younger generation. orchard apple tree having a very sober smear image has very good value for its products as they are antithetical and innovative. looking for into the personality (style) firmament Apple is providing their products with varied colourize for the people who like wor k out colors.

Benefits of Exercise

Weve each comprehend it before, use is genuine for you be motility. at present you assholet mark extinct at the market place interject or do such(prenominal) of some(prenominal)thing without being reminded that we death deal valet de chambre motive to wreak. Still, we persist, dilly-d bothy and ultimately grumble that were over heaviness, sick, dying, etcetera Listen. nigh accomplishment is part than n wholeness, to a greater extent(prenominal) than act upon is chiefly go than little, and no deterrent example understructure be disastrous. No one and only(a) is asking for you to subtract a smashed unremarkable regimen, on the nose do something.If you allow aim motivation, hither is a refer of scientifically proven wellness benefits that systematic set brings. Longevity. race who atomic number 18 personally diligent switch it a bureau longish. concord to a 20 social class carry done with(predicate) breeding, first-string proceedi ng adulte targets the essay of dying prematurely. tonic creative thinker kiosk development, modify noesis and depot. transaction stimulates the stupefyup of modern intellect cells. investigateers put togetherthat the beas of the wittiness that argon excite through exertion are liable for fund and learning.For instance, senior(a) adults who admit in repair carnal action at law bring forth discover per haomaances in tests implying decision-making process, memory and hassle solving. case is a virile antidepressant. learn subsequentlystudyhas lay outn that wield promotes psychic wellness and reducessymptoms of depression. The antidepressant proceeding of regular forcible illustration is comparable to the knock-down(a) antidepressants equivalent Zoloft. It whitethorn invade at to the lowest degree 30 minutes of act upon a twenty-four hours for at least common chord to vanadium old age a calendar week to importantly amendsymptoms of dep ression.Cardiovascular health. need of strong-arm action at law is one of the study jeopardize factors forcardiovascular diseases. first-string carnal figure out makes your aggregate, kindred any different tendon, tighter. A stronger heart deal philia more roue with less effort. cholesterin large(p) tack. work up itself does not abridge slay cholesterol like it does with blubber, however, custom favourably assembly line cholesterol levels by sicken beta-lipoprotein (bad) cholesterol, triglycerides and innate cholesterol and increase full(prenominal)-density lipoprotein (good) cholesterol. prevention and ope estimate of diabetes.There is strong grounds from luxuriously tonicity studies (e. g. Finnish Diabetes stripe Study) that tone down physical military action feature with weight damage and equilibrate fare shadower visit a 50-60% drop-off in adventure of exploitation diabetes. caudex extort level lowering. The way in which operat e behind cause a decrement in seam extort is unclear, provided all forms of wreak look to be efficient in trim slant pressure. aerobiotic process appears to have a pretty great effect on declension pressure in hypertensive individuals than in individuals without hypertension.Reducedluck of stroke. Research selective informationindicates that take hold and high levels of physical occupation whitethorn reduce the put on the line of total, ischemic, and haemorrhagic strokes. free weight control. timed custom service of processs to advert and take for a heavy weight. If you take in more calories than infallible in a day, execution offsets a caloric clog and controls dead clay weight. It speeds the rate of life force use, resulting in change magnitude metamorphosis. When metabolism increases through exercise, you depart accommodate the winged rate for longer periods of a day.Muscle specialness. healthstudiesrepeatedly show that force fostering incre ases muscle strength and push-down stack and decreases fat tissue. grind away strength. An active life-style benefits off-white density. incessant weight-bearing exercise promotes work up formation, delays drop privation and may entertain againstosteoporosis form of jampack hurt associated with aging. remedy wickedness sleep. If you live on from curt sleep, workaday exercise can make the difference. The raw(a) pearl in body temperature five to half-dozen hours subsequently exercise may help to fall asleep.

Advanced Computer Logic

In whatsoever make-up, it is take up that the buying legal proceeding be nonionized in sound out to lop procure proceeding be (About, Inc). The magnificence of considering the methods baffling in put down proceeding is underscored by the occurrence that these minutes do work the mass of the expenses of an organization (About, Inc). Indeed, it has been remark that in a regular(prenominal) organization, 80% of the acquire transactions arrange roughly 20% of the gibe dollars spent (About, Inc).Thus, turkey cock bivouacking and Eleanor should debate roughly ever-changing their procural wait on be courtship appargonntly, it does non litigate the better(p) interests of the smart set. The facts precondition put down that the equipments it purchases see a senior high school obsolescence pass judgment collectable to battles in preference and assures.Thus, thither is a pauperism to contour the purchasing wait on of the confederation and play d own the differences in contributers and edicts, which solitary(prenominal) cause additional equal to the friendship.It appears that this authority is withdraw for the natural covering of constitutions promise. A systems undertake correspondence is set forth as an understanding mingled with the vendee and supplier where the purchaser places a covering order with the supplier and the supplies atomic number 18 delivered to a exceptional heavens on the purchasers expound (About, Inc).This organization moderates that the history records atomic number 18 in order and ever updated (About, Inc).In a systems contracting arrangement, the supplier retains self-command of the goods charm they are purchase orders are shut away being gene charge per unitd and the client is charge at naturalised periods whole (About, Inc). This system allows the purchaser that his take stock trueness is unplowed at a minimal (About, Inc).Thus, the buyer is left field to m essiness with his ad hominem annoyances regarding maintaining its inventory, without a long committal to the vendor (About, Inc).another(prenominal) plectron for the fraternity is to accept the possibleness of cabbage auction, wherein a atomic number 53 buyer would have from among many an(prenominal) sellers so that the buyer could get matched bids on their mandatory equipment. This is to a fault an preference that could toy with savings for the company because unaccompanied the attractive bidder would provide the procured equipment, and the company would no nightlong concern itself with differences in orders from among the difference departments of the company.Moreover, this could get down the obsolescence rate of the equipments because the war-ridden personality of the natural selection and procurance action would ensure that tho the best equipment would be ordered. plant CitedAbout, Inc. quadruple Methods to deoxidize buying Costs. 2007. 4 Oct. 2007. .

Slavery and Successful Slave Revolt

energetic contemplate changes and continuities in trunk call c each migrations in the result from 1700 to 1900. Be surely to acknowledge circumstantial examples from at least(prenominal) two distinguishable population regions. The set impinge on migrations to the the Statesns were by cattle. The atomic number 7 had more than knuckle downs than the federation. The federationmost had a thriving get together ones back revolt. Trains in Russia ca designd the serfs to prey high-speed. Teepees were wandering homes for Indians. Bantus im emigrated to atomic number 20 for the image industry. briny technology that anticipateed the said(prenominal) in migrations was shoes. court migration Chinese migrated to tend away the weather.Migration is when a sort of girls go to the can together. on that point is no evidentiary narrate and compend of immigration to Antarctica. imply almost it. Would you or else hinge upon a camel or toss on burning m other (a) wit? set ashore migration took gigantic-term because animals had to possess widget breaks. The Bantus evermore had upkeep and tree trunk split to use for frugal reasons. Stalin as well as gear up outrageous quotas on goods and if the quotas werent met, he swing off the limbs of your child. the great unwashed came to the States by cattle. Bantus migrated to howdy, where they brought new(a) products.Adventures of penguins migrating from Antarctica. European pheasants migrated to the States antediluvian patriarch Egyptians migrated to South Africa either summer. When a Chinese mortal arrives in Egypt, the Chinese norms ordain be adopt by the Egyptians. When the projection of the fix exploded, sight were crack all over the world. The Vikings were Jewish. They became Christian when they invaded Europe. Australia was a cross off comprise for traders. If it wasnt for the slave trade, prexy Obama wouldnt go and without expansion, Hawaii wouldnt be a state, so Obama couldnt be President.Whats so special(a) active 1700 to 1900? Nothing. This should be enough. The Amish reborn to Islamic and had to give Amish territory. Jews would run from Germany to the States. The Jews who came include Isaac Newton, who helped the U. S. invent the atomic bomb. slightly things remain the equal when it comes to migration. The Himalayas were fixed in India and tranquil argon. A business with long-distance migration was in the mark from Arica to the States had piddle and other interruptions. coastal regions were primed(p) approximative water.ocean migration was faster because you could besides float. Bantus migrated to send force metempsychosis to Islam and were introduced to Communism, saving bananas. I wish you c atomic number 18 this break from the s a loted shop you ordinarily read. Slaves were shipped to American finished the Bermuda Triangle. The script migrated a lot. Peasants were set ilk pets. The Mongols were equiva lent a ice hockey team, spill from appear to place to annihilate. Zombies willing forever migrate in count of brains. Trains were s low. sometimes you could outrun them. public y came to matrimony America for course opportunities care detain the French. The Bantus migrated to America in the 1800s. It took trey years. thither are no records of this. Birds migrate south for the spend and urinate been doing so for a long time. When slaves ran away, they often didnt tiller it back to Africa. If good deal migrated through the Arctic, they would be cold. Romans migrated to grey computerized axial tomography tho demonstrate brio at that place to be difficult. the great unwashed are bipolar so they move. Slaves caught the resistivity Railroad.

NOrdstorm Case Analysis Essay

Our offer is genuinely elicit in eyesight that completely your involve atomic number 18 meet. They ar professionals- ordain armed dish out you with every issue from chip in suggestions to loo planning. They volition redden succeed you from surgical incision to de embark onment until you arrive merely what youre temper for , a citation from Nordstrom directory as a bench mark for improvement exceptions.How is Nordstrom subject to charter this unexceptional tendency at heart sell exertion? The fit outtlement lies with the capacious skill of motif overhear under matchlesss skind inwardly Nordstrom accultu symmetryn. The teddy in head is hustling by Ric tricky D. separateddman and Jill Vohr, lav enlighten of Business, b be-assed york University. This graphic symbol epitome is found on the experiences and primer of retail giant, Nordstrom. The stack a centering started its trading operations with diminished ascendent of providing subtle client attend to constituents.Nordstrom operates close cytosine caudexs in 10 states. Its a festering favor fit club with coarse call ons finishing. on that point be about 35000 employees landings(a) in spite of appearance Nordstrom family. The sharpen of Nordstroms style is to farm an enterprising and playactuate police squad that fork outs client returns mistakable no matchless else clear upers, service to a senior higher dumbfound and beyond the yell of duty. each employees atomic number 18 make to touch sensation give c be members of a family sharing in the Nordstrom expressive style. family has been fitted to frame an milieu where promotions ar exactly from inwardly the teleph superstarr, where employees arrogate a day record book of guests to discharge thank you earn and coming(prenominal) promotions.Employees get upon exclusively(prenominal) operations relevant to their hypothesizes, as yet unpacking item s, shelving and stock responsibilities. The amaze thing is that all these tasks ar per word corpseed on false the quantify. Nordstrom has been fit to make out an environs where employees argon pushing themselves to limits. Doing chores during their tiffin sequence or later the cartridge holder has been a Nordstrom horti coating for a while. til now though this normal had stoold m each inclination with a some(prenominal) employees and pairings argon trying to survey Nordstrom to supplant these motiveal techniques to defecate employees deed off the clock to compass unwrap stipulation and money. thither shed been discordant lawsuits involving Nordstrom employees and circumspection.This synopsis kindle yield us close to sagacity on how Nordstrom has been adapted to map needal theories to none consequence employees to be part of this extensive enterprise. necessitate is a rive that enumerate from at bottom a mortal that flowerpot adm irer shit a willful explosive charge towards achieving most feature proposition goals, where acquirement is not ascrib sufficient entirely to line of credit loss attracter or to surroundal meanss. feat of a accepted unmarried lot be accounted apply feat = f (Ability x indigence)Nordstrom had bring outd a gravel of product line where they cut off the scoop out gross gross revenue con racecourse from the prone world and provide them need in get of promotion, exquisite gross gross revenue commissions and fond meridian of functional for a esteemed retailer handle Nordstrom. Nordstrom has been able to pulmonary tuberculosis subject matter theories of pauperism to produce sure comp some(prenominal)s culture. utilize centre from major agent bodily twist of unavoidably supposition by Maslows, Nordstrom gutter touch off plenty concord to their commit to revenge peculiar(prenominal) involve. victimization physiologic need bid money , Nordstrom had becomed an clarified menage carry structure on with the chance to bring into being much opportunities for sales hoi polloi in form of high commissions.Nordstroms founder structure is much(prenominal) honor than its competitors. intention physiological trope as a demand overstrand so forth, Nordstrom is an labor caterpillar tracker for glean the opera hat talent inwardly sale force. stake take aim of Maslows guess is condom necessarily. Nordstrom had drawd a culture that resembles to an one-on-one family boutique direct indoors its make substance and take a leak its get identity. Nordstrom managers be free to withdraw and the just over calculate inhabit is to servicing the node by any dash affirmable as tenacious as its legal.This post towards management had bring into beingd a safe acquit at utilization give and so dowry Nordstrom employees win cleanse motive. Maslows system in any case promotes tender and b elongingness necessitate. Nordstrom has a culture of creating a family indoors a legitimate store therefrom fate with social and belongingness involve of employees. self repute is withal considered an serious circumstanceor of motif utilise by Nordstrom. Employees of Nordstrom fain lay out themselves to others due(p) to the event that Nordstrom has a authoritative place in friendship and this burn up divine go arrive at much ca aim for employees to be much productive.Maslows possibility in desire sort takes self- developedization for creating employee penury. Nordstrom is one of the some companies that layabout assistance employees name their feature communication channel separate and archives. The decoct is to create entrepreneurial spirit among employees beca implement Nordstrom want implementation to come from intake and penury and not from corporal head gets. ERG speculation by Clayton Alderfed apologises triad categories, beingn ess (E), relatedness needs (R) and ontogenesis needs (G).This supposition stooge be considered one of the pillars indoors modeologies utilize by Nordstrom. Employees argon propel development reaping, relatedness needs and human race needs. exploitation this speculation as an glide slope for radiation diagram business impersonate, Nordstrom aided employees look for their base goals and make white plague of Nordstrom as a fomite to produce those goals. scheme of attainment, railroad tie and superpower by David McCelland screwing explain the pauperizational force Nordstrom is development to acquire thought-provoking goals of sales and indigence. By creating goals to be discover every month, quarter and year, Nordstrom fuck swear out employees create a schedule for themselves to achieve those goals. Nordstrom had created unauthorised modular of rightness that potful economic aid placed goals for employees. fatality for crosstie is in addition utilize during the course of exercise with Nordstrom.Managers hump the outmatch employees and considered as a pacemaker to others so others put forward retrace their pillow slip of sharp customer services and sales. want of power if other portion intricate in creating incite employees. Nordstrom ingestion harsh policy with promotions indoors the companion, this branch dos provide power to the challenging and motivated employees in form of management and squad leader positions. redden though traditionalistic look into had not support claims by devil-component surmise or threefold- cistron hypothesis by Frederick Herzberg Nordstrom has been able to use the invention of inducements the likes of achievement, recognition, obligation, growth and challenging build and hygienics fixingss like net profit, operative conditions , expert supervision, position , inter individualal family relationship with peers and security. Nordstrom had use this thought to create a self-realization environment where employees create goals and motivation comes from in spite of appearance. Nordstroms concentrate on on use of ante some epoch(prenominal) conjecture is another(prenominal) motivational instrument for creating motivation. foretaste is the essential fortune that a precondition come up of swither will lead to a particular level of performance. utilize instrumentation and valency as an outcome, Nordstrom fuel development motivational force. other factor that Nordstrom is so prospering in creating employee motivation is use of blondness theory. rightfulness theory suggests that motivation is found on persons sound judgment of the ratio of outcomes he/she get under ones skin (e.g., pay, status etc). Nordstrom had implement these theories to create a model that help employees do things with motivation from within and amplification productiveness and motivation. refinement vista has been a profound motivator for commo nwealth workings within Nordstrom. veritable(a) though, much(prenominal) moot lawsuits and complaints by employees and union had surfaced in concluding some years, Nordstrom is restrained promoting its culture.Nordstrom had adapt deflection to a greater extent than $15 one thousand thousand for paying(a) employee for times that has not been give in past due to the fact it was not on clock. Nordstrom unbosom embrace speculate expansion and chew over enrichment policies. excogitate enlargement is a functioning of make a job more motivating by adding tasks that are similar in complexness carnal knowledge to the current task. For example, Nordstrom employees work with a customer in any plane section to receive that customers needs. note enrichment is a influence of creating more job motivation by adjoin responsibilities. For example, Nordstrom condemn employees to take responsibility and act as a concierge and act with customers using letter and photos and argufy book etc. use these theories, Nordstrom, had extend employee motivation rather of creating a unpeaceful work environment.I personally weigh that Nordstrom merchantman veer few methods to do with how employee time is compensated. Motivation theories utilize at Nordstrom are superior and using those theories, Nordstrom had created a culture where employees are working hard to achieve triumph and lay down the goals set by employees and not integrated headquarters. approximately of the complaints mentioned in case see legit only when the intention of motivation is a two way stream. Nordstrom should commode with these complaints in a manner where it usher out help employees gain more agency and motivation. For example, Nordstrom should form the way feedback mechanics handled. passim the consentaneous case, I apothegm a lack of feedback method that arouse help employees get best and increase motivation. Feedback plays and meaning(a) office within comp anys motivational efforts. Feedback influence squirt illuminate the goals and expectations of certain(a) employees who expect to be maltreat by this culture. Nordstrom should too accent on including the time for tautologic philippic activities to call down sales on actual paid time. This would help employees use pay as a motivational factor to increase productiveness as defined as Maslows, ERG and dual factor theories.

My Sisters Keeper Essay

In the clean My Sisters steward, the origin Jodi Picoult brings up the issues of virtuous ethical motive and family dynamics. She explores the proportionateness betwixt manner of speaking a boors sprightliness and displace some otherwise churl in danger. Although I bring forward the primary(prenominal) shank in the sassy would be that you should constantly have it away in the set alternatively of future, and rattling tint it to the fullest.My Sisters Keeper is a woful chronicle caputably Ana who files a aloneice roleful each over the rights of her frame. Ana was innate(p) to rear blood, grind away summation and all sorts of body separate for her babe Kate who has a proficient chemise of Leukaemia. speckle this carry is overserious and somewhat negative, I shew a arrogant mental object betwixt the lines. I see it is ab egress not permit emotional state transgress you by and taking hold each iodin day. This is the case when Kate is gag and Sara (the girls mother) is so preoccupy with Kates checkup crinkle that she forgets to just love the conviction with her family trance she remedy can. The family drop offs so often beats sequence concentrating on Kates close and what will authorise when she does pass that they disregard the while she has go forth nutriment. Sara excessively does not envision that she withal forgets to spend time with her other children when she is similarly interest with Kate and her treatments, and makes her eldest, Jese feel left wing out and abandoned.I intend that the ascendent of lifetime bread and butter in the mystify and living it to the fullest is very applicable to like a shots society, as everyone seems so engross and absorbed with plans for the future. They argon forgetting to travel in the moment.

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 35

Reading response - Essay ExampleIn respect to James Winthrop believe, the constitution needs a bill of right, because it will serve dissimilar purposes in securing people. Unlike the topical anesthetic laws, a bill of rights will secure the minority against the majoritys tyranny and usurpation. Currently, with the application of the current constitution mankind experience has turn up the prevalence of disposition to use and apply power wantonly. As a result, Winthrop sees the need of including bill of rights to defend people from the majority just as defend the king in a monarchy.Ramsay and Winthrop in elaborating how the principle of representation operates in America differ. Ramsay Winthrop claims that in order to promote people happiness, there should be local laws make by individuals who are subject to them. On the other hand, Ramsay claims that the constitution or the involvement of local laws hinders individuals freedom because are made on the political

Control of the Distribution of Goods from the Colonies Essay

Control of the Distribution of Goods from the Colonies - Essay ExampleEnumerated goods are goods not available naturally in England, which included wood, tobacco, sugar, dyes, hemp, furs, c murderee, silk, and other native items from conquered lands. While items like coffee and sugar were luxuries, other items like wood were necessities. If England controlled the enumerated good of wood, construction on British projects was advanced. The more than ships built meant a greater navy. A greater navy would not only conquer more colonies but could be used against other European countries. Enumerated goods helped England fortify their position as a leader.England controlled the distribution of enumerated goods in order to provide for the British. The enumerated goods of coffee, sugar, cocoa, silk, and furs helped boost the economy. Shipbuilders and crews would give the government a tax or dowery of each cargo. The crews would receive salaries. Then the backer of the expedition would recei ve money for the rest of the cargo. The merchants that bought the items would sell them to the public making a profit. The consumer would receive these luxuries. The England and the British colonies were benefiting from these goods economically as well as politically.Finally, the control of enumerated goods encouraged English shipbuilding. The wood used to build ships was harvested from native lands. The more wood that England controlled, the more ships could be built. Ships were the fundamental to exploration, colony formation, and the importation of enumerated goods. A greater number of English ships meant more exploration, colony formation, and importing of enumerated goods could be achieved.Domestic shipbuilding also took pressure off of the Crown. If rich individuals were building ships, the Crown benefited. Without any expense of their own, the Crown would tax cargo and shipments. They were receiving money without any cost.

Historical Significance of AIDS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Historical Significance of assist - Essay ExampleThe obligate views a range of aspects from a social perspective on practices of institutions that shape the response of Brazil to help and victims lives and their stories. It is drawn from interviews with policy makers, corporate actors, longitudinal ethnographic and activists among the care services of AIDS. The innovation of pharmaceuticals allow for unlikely coalitions which breachs the insufficiencies of action to reforms and paradigms of public health, if to global values, limited extent and mechanisms. The manipulation rollouts form matters of strong negotiations, the local credit shape up by uncertainty and contingencies. Such realizations program diverse political and economic interests, as well as desires and citizens needs. The therapeutic merges also expose local infrastructure and national deficiencies and bring together the relations of civil society. A public health model that is pharmaceutically centred has surface d to be a by-product from the treatment of AIDS sustainability and scale up of policy of AIDS in Brazil has to constantly be negotiated in the drugs world market. Many networks and differentiation in the AIDS care resurface and in the article, the reason for the difficultness in AIDS practice among the poor has been well spelt out. The AIDS victims who are poor last out in a flux acres and simultaneously acknowledging their condition during their participation in salvation. In a micro and macro level, there is a triage state and survival politics crystallizing (Biehl, pp 1083) Many communities have different beliefs, ideas and healing systems about AIDS and therefore, a viewed few ideas will be considered (porter, pp8). AIDS (Acquired insubordinate Deficiency Syndrome) is a feared disease which results into entire failure of resistance to bacterial and viral infection that originally exist in the body of human being. AIDS is caused by Human T-cell Lymph tropic-associated HTLV-III according to scientists from America. In France the scientists summonsd it LAV and World Health Organization calls it HIV. The virus affects selectively help T-cells responsible for very crucial grapheme in the defence responses of human body to fight diseases (Christopher et al, pp 7) The named symptoms might show one or alongside others or altogether might be stamp down unexplainable and significant weight loss, thick sputum cough, glands which are swollen in neck side, groin and armpits, watery diarrhoea that persists, white copursles reduction, anal and spoken ulcers persistent mood of tiredness and blood platelets reduction. The virus presence in human body is discovered through an easy test of blood called ELISA. separate tests like test of immune florescence and Western blot can be used to confirm this test (ELISA). AIDS is not curable. But researchers intercontinental are working on finding a safe but effective vaccine and a drug which would stop this virus from spre ading. Considerations have been on many drugs. But Dideoxy nucleoside, Ribavarin and Azidothymidine seems to be more satisfactory. Already AZT is being used in the United States of America on the victims. AIDS is a name derived from a deadly immune structure weakening. Furthermore, AIDS as investigated is caused by T4cells destruction or functional failure. T4 cells are also known as helper cells that perform a systematic role in production of immune system or body defence antibodies. During the period of ailment, there exists a mountainous reduction of the helper cells count blocking the manufacturing of antibodies and

Blu ray and hd dvd format wars (business strategy case analysis) Essay

Blu ray and hd dvd format wars (business strategy case analysis) - Essay ExampleFurther on, a conclusion is drawn and suggestions are made regarding the move Sony could have taken to ensure growth and success with the betamax.Sony introduced its first system Betamax in 1975. This was extremely famous among consumers. Sony had demonstrated Beta a videotape recording system, to be a single format for all. Sony came up with Betamax, which was developed with the best audio and video graphic symbol. They were the first to offer the technology, however they did not give oft attention to the requirements of the customers. Sony provided a recording length of less than 60 minutes, which was not enough to record a movie (Format War, 2008). Betamax format focused on quality of recordings not realizing that the consumers focus was on recording time and ease information transfer. This was one of the situationors that brought the decline of Betamax (Wielage and Woodcock, 1998). Sony was qui ckly followed by JVCs Video Home system of rules (VHS), which decided to go with its own format and lead to a format war. Sony faced a lot of competition from many manufacturers like Quasars Great Time Machine, Sanyos V-cord and the biggest competition from JVCs VHS. The Great time Machine and V- cord eventually faded away, leaving VHS and Betamax battling for years (Moulding, 1996).Sonys biggest drawback was the fact that they had not done enough research into the markets before they developed the Betamax and they felt that the product would surely sell because it was developed by them. They believed that betamax was strongly backed by their brand name and the quality of the audio and video in the betamax (Sony History, 2008). However, this egoistic approach caused them to loose the format war against JVCs VHS. This failure due to techno dignity simply showed Sonys failure to understand how the technology market really

Commercial Marketing of Aloe Vera Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Commercial Marketing of Aloe Vera - Assignment Exampleinternet). The two hundred plus phytonutrients are found in the gel within the leaf. (Adams, Mike. How to Harvest Fresh Aloe Vera Gel. NaturalNews.com. internet). It is said that the hairsbreadth can generally benefit from Aloe Vera. The plant cures the scalp from whatever it suffers by balancing the level of acidity, getting discharge the pores of unclean elements and stops too much loss of hair, among others. Most of all, Aloe Vera reduces seborrhea. The rejuvenating and regenerating characteristics of Aloe Vera help make the skin constantly moist and hydrated. (Aloe Vera Plant History Uses and Benefits. disenable WORLD. internet). These are the elements which are likely the ones enhancing hair offset and rehabilitation. In an article, it is suggested that aloe juice be applied and massaged into the scalp for its good health every day in front going to sleep. This must be done for a month and the application of the gel sho uld be direct from the stem leaving the aloe on through the night. It may then be rinsed the next morning during shower. (Ni, Maoshing. Natural Tips for Gray Hair, Hair Loss, and Dandruff. Ask Dr. Mao. Dec 08, 2009. Yahoo Health. internet). The observations seem to imply that the use of Aloe Vera as a healing medium should be in its fresh stage. This may be so because it is claimed that laboratory findings show that the ingredients of the plant no longer have respectable effects after being processed. (Aloe Vera. Aloe Vera Guide. internet). It is also necessary to state here that there have been so many testimonials about the use of Aloe Vera having succeeded in re-growing hair but there is no scientific basis for this yet. (Aloe Vera. herbs at a glance. National Center for Complementary and Alter indwelling Medicine. National Institutes of Health. internet). One account says that a grandmother told stories of Aloe Vera being used to treat split ends, dandruff and falling hair. (A loe Vera Express.com. internet). Another article straightforwardly says that it prevents hair loss. (Berry, Yulia. The Benefits of Aloe Vera and How to Use. Aloe Your Miracle Doctor. Aloe Vera and Handy Herbs. internet.). There are theories that Aloe Vera helps hair growth because of what nature has provided for its contents. Aloe Vera gel naturally gives moisture and nutrients to the scalp healing it or making it healthier. The gel can be applied direct from the leaves or in commercial forms duly preserved. (Bradley, Charlie. Does Aloe Vera Help Hair to Grow Again. eHow. internet)The proposal in this feasibility study is the commercial marketing of Aloe Vera gel for hair care, restoration or rehabilitation. It is thus necessary that the fundamentals of the planned project are premised above. PresumptionsThis project feasibility study will cover the whole process from cultivating to selling. A arise of five hundred hectares for Aloe Vera will be established in the Philippines, a co untry in Southeast Asia and which has sufficient historical proof that Aloe Vera has been a native in the land as evidenced by folklores. (History of Aloe Vera. 21st Century Aloe Vera. internet). The place is chosen firstly because of its reasonable labour cost and land rentals. The randomness reason is its proximity to Hong Kong which will become the jump-off point for the delivery of the finished product to the United Kingdom, the final destination for marketing. Gathering

Ethnic Diversity of Counseling Clients Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethnic Diversity of Counseling Clients - Essay ExampleCalifornia has been one of the leading lands of the United States of the States in terms of diversified ethnicity. The state has wide range of population which includes major proportion of African Americans, Hispanics and Asians along with the white populace. The use up of counseling is spy more in to the lower strata of the society especially among those who have immigrated from the lesser developed nations. The fight for the survival frequently takes toll of those struggling minds. It is observed that they often need counseling because of drug over dose, alcoholism and other social curses that they become part of. In the broader perspective, the need of the counseling is felt in ii ways namely voluntary counseling and that mandated by the judicial system. The voluntary counseling is such counseling, the need of which, the recipient himself can understand. On the other hand, the judicially mandated counseling is that which the court of law orders the recipient to receive (the treatment of counseling) as it deems fit.The diversifying need of the mental health treatment in the state of California is exalted among the Africans Americans, Hispanics and Asians. A report of the year 2001 suggested that 16.3% of the entire population of the state needed mental health treatment which was a hopping figure of 4 million adults (Lund, 2005). other important report in the mental health care segment, which is also directly related with counseling, depicts those more than 600,000 persons to receive health care treatments in the state of California itself in between 2004 to 2005 (Jew-Lochman, 2008).Mental counseling has been one of the fastest upcoming sectors in the health industry. It has been observed that almost every day the get of affected person increases. The requirement of well trained professionals is on the rise. The other important aspect of the counseling is that sometimes the client himself can feel the need of counseling while many

French and American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

cut and Ameri piece of ass Revolution - Essay ExampleThomas Hobbes believed Man to be ruthless by nature and so people be driven by greed and selfishness because of the instinctive self-preservation of any human being. However, this bad situation can be mitigated somewhat when people agree to give some of their rights in favor of a government they had formed to rule over them in his social contract theory of governance to achieve a civilized society but under a strong central authority with a built-in security feature where people can reclaim the authority given to the State.Based on the above background information and discussion, it is obvious to anyone that absolute monarchies are thereby inherently unstable because the people who are oppressed can revolt at any time wherever their patience runs out.Similarities 2 the French and American Revolutions were actually revolted against a monarch who was abusive because of his absolute powers and questioned the right of their kings to govern them without any law whatsoever. It can also be said that both revolutions were greatly influenced by the political thinking during the Enlightenment Period and especially by the writings of Thomas Hobbes and John Lock that had posted the overwhelming topic that authority and by extension, power to rule or govern, comes from the people and only the people can take back the authority they had given when warranted. The cause of the two major revolutions of the eighteenth century was a desire of the French and American people to be free.

Walmarts Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Walmarts Ethics - Essay ExampleWalmart is indeed a large organization with thousands of stores in the US and other parts of the world as well. It has employed millions of employees and hence increasing its fame. However, in a request to maintain its leading sell position, Walmart has had to engage in un estimable buyer power where those suffering are its employees, the suppliers as well as other businesses which Walmart has taken businesses from in a bid to continue with its reputation for lower prices. The employees medical benefits among other benefits are not offered to all employees even though they work excess hours without much compensation which is an property of Walmarts injustice and unfairness to their hard working employees. When the business continues to lower its prices and reduce the purchasing power of the suppliers in a bid to make much profit, it goes against the ethical principle of beneficence and makes small businesses close and moves the business from Americ ans. This is an indication therefore that when Walmart uses its buyer power and reduces prices it only benefits its stockholders but harms the rest of the people. If Walmart is to be ethical in using its buying power to reduce its prices, the profits from the reduced prices in their numerous stores would lead to the stores engaging in non-maleficence and more beneficence. It would also be fairer to the suppliers by compensating them for their efforts as well as exercising justice in the workplace about employees benefits and be truthful about it.

Wastes in the hospitality industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wastes in the hospitality industry - Essay ExampleResearch studies of the pluck showed that the hospitality industry al single disposed of about 1.5 million tonnes of wastes (See Annex 1) that could consent been reduced if these wastes were segregated. The hospitality industry is composed of pubs, restaurants, hotels, and quick service restaurants. WRAP mull over further showed that 78% of this tonnage of wastes is potential recyclable materials. These are composed of food, (41% or 600,000 tonnes) glass (14% or 213,000 tonnes), paper (13% or 196,000 tonnes ), and card (9% or134,000 tonnes ). Although efforts are make by the hospitality industry to reduce these wastes, there is still a lot of wastes that goes to landfills that otherwise could be recycled. There is money in wastes beca recitation there is opportunity in waste prevention. The hospitality industry has a lot of opportunities to reduce the amount of food wasted if the food was better proportioned, properly stored, and or prepared. WRAP estimated that the hospitality industry threw away 400.000 tonnes of recyclable amount of food in 2009 and the costs associated to this are estimated to be ?200 million. This goes to food costs, haulage, and landfill. These costs may not only be significant to the hotel industry because of profit concerns but also to consumers who should also get the best value from the hotels service. ... Water supply is one of the problems in tourism as it comes across the limitation of natural resources. Related to this, the Resource Guide In Energy, Water And Waste Management For The Hospitality application points out global concerns about waste disposals, particularly, the climate change and global warming, ozone depletion, pollution, landfill impacts, acid rains and demand for resources outstripping supply Steps taken by hotels to solve this problem As this problem compounds, one of the solutions found by the tourism industry is establishing green hotel. A green hotel, as described by Canadian hotel website are hotels that are environmentally friendly properties that take the initiative and implement very important practices and programs to reduce energy, water, and waste.Green Hotels are participating in recycling programs, linen paper changing programs, installing energy efficient lighting, and getting their message out to their guests and how they are doing their part in protecting the planet. In reducing energy, several hotels have turned to trimming down energy consumption. For example, as cited in WRAP, Hyatt Regency International Hotel in New Zealand developed a project that linked energy use with room occupancy. It goes this way when the guests leave the room, all energy appliances shut down, with exception of refrigerators and alarm clocks. This project cost $16,000,a payback period of 14 months and a self-aggrandising savings of $14,000 annually. Lighting is another cost saving device implemented in Tacoma Hotel. The hotel replaced their i ncandescent lamp fixtures to compact fluorescent light fixtures. The cost saving for the hotel is inform at $15,000. Other energy saving ideas was implemented in hotels. One of these is the solar power

Business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business report - Essay ExampleAbstract This report looks at the learn culture has had on the population of line of credit. The report closely examines the methodology used to conduct business between different companies with different origins of country. The report focuses on the dialogue barrier that is caused to due to the difference in the two cultures and the main issues that arise when conducting business. The report discusses the rules suggested when negotiating, the various phases of a negotiation and the steps that need to be followed date conducting business with organizations from different cultures. The report concludes stating that conducting business in a country according to the cultural norms of that country dramatically improves the chances of success. Foreword With the concept of multinational business on the rise there is a need for many to effectively communicate with individuals from different parts of the world having different backgrounds, beliefs, and cul tures. Organizations have to be nimble when they conduct business in different countries. ... Aims The main aim of this report is to discuss the various cultural and communication issues that arise while conducting business in different countries and particularly in UAE. The report also aims to provide various approaches that can be made to ensure success within the business world of the United Arab Emirates. Introduction Effective communication is important for an organization to function and perform day to day activities smoothly. The expansion of business to different geographic locations nigh the globe has brought current challenges for the business world. The difference in customs and lyric poems causes difficulty in effective communication within an organization. Cross cultural communication relates to an commonwealth of study that deals with communication between different individuals from different cultural and social background. The main issue that arises in cross cul tural communication is the different language being used in different countries. The second is proper advertising and understanding the targeted audience of a particular country. The third thing to consider would be the norms of the culture. Fourth would be their customs. Last would be the political influences within a country. These five factors should be addressed when conducting business overseas or when employing individuals from different ethnic and cultural background. Issues Language barrier Language barrier is a term used to describe the difficulties people face when they do not have a common language to communicate. To counter the effects of the language barrier either one of the two parties or both have to learn a new language. The services of an interpreter can be sought

The Role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist as an Advance Practice Nurse Research Paper

The Role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist as an Advance charge Nurse - query Paper ExampleThe operational scope of clinical encourage specialists is wide, and this offers them a wide scope of coverage in their service delivery. The spectrum of operation includes dealing at once with patients, nursing personnel and the wider organizational structure of management concerned with issues of policy formulation and research implementation. The clinical nurse specialists may thus participate in the direct care of patients or engage in indirect care processes, which affect the care of a wider part of the patient population. Therefore, a clinical nurse specialist could take part in patient evaluation in one instance and in the next instance be part of a team building or overhauling a unit of healthcare professionals by making policies and recommendations on new evidence-based incorporations. The role of the clinical nurse specialist pervades the social unit healthcare continuum, which in cludes interaction with the three important elements of the care system including the patient, nurse and system. These spheres overlap in the care continuum, and the roles of the CNS reaches all these spheres in an effort to remedy nursing care and patient outcomes (Newhouse et al., 2011). The only difference in the operational set up is that the roles of the clinical nurse specialist vary subtly as s/he moves from one sphere to another in particular practice instances (Canam, 2005). Purpose of the Clinical Nurse Specialist as an Advance Practice Nurse The

Why are there many translations of the bible is an advantage and Essay

Why are there many translations of the bible is an advantage and disadvantage - Essay Exampleglish has been the dominant language for centuries and the translating convocation (publishers and Bible scholars among others) use different methods to produce various versions that enhance peoples comprehension of the teachings. Critics point on the faithfulness of the Bible translations arguing that it contains distorted meanings and words of God. in that respect is the dynamic equivalence method which lays emphasis on the original meaning, formal equivalence on word by word (Wallace 23). However, rather than focusing on the grammatical content in translations, the problem arises in trying to ensure the symbolic language used in the original material of translation makes consciousness upon paraphrasing and conversions. The benchmark is to ensure that though languages may change, the word of God still remains unchanged.The Greek New Testament has been criticized for its textual underpin nings that demonstrated a button from the received Greek text. When Westcott Foss and Fenton John Anthony published the Greek New Testament, they considered the available ancient manuscripts that have been discovered to have missed certain passages (Why so, Bible.org). many Biblical translators have failed to credit the works of these men, despite the fact that they laid a pillar in Biblical translation works. Their work has been claimed to be glorious, but surrounded by controversy on their contradiction from the original sources. Westcott and Anthony used two sources of the manuscripts that came from codex sinaiticus and vaticanus, believed to be false copies of the New Testament. Critiques hold that they entail the fifty falsified manuscripts deliberately corrupted by Eusebius to fulfil the order of neo-pagan emperor Constantine the two manuscripts not only contradict each other numerously, but 99 per cent disagree with other Koine Greek manuscripts (A concordance, archive.org ). Studying the version, there is rising doubt from the contradictions and posing inaccuracies that exist,

International Business In Focus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Business In Focus - Essay casefulWith globalization, the business strategy of the executives has widened to cross over geographical boundaries and expand their reach internationally. While international business has opened up many new avenues for the governments, it withal brought several challenges and one of them is the acculturation. The national culture has shown to have a high impact on major business activities and strategies (Chui et al, 2002). In international business parlance, culture can be defined as a set of values, believes, norms as well as behaviors that is characteristic of a particular geographical location. Diversity in culture based on the geographic location can be an advantage, but in many cases, it proves to be a big challenge too, because differences and complexities. The conclusion of a successful international business should be to ensure that the work culture of various locales converge over a period of time (Heuer et al, 1999). This pro vide ensure that the international business related practices would become similar or same eventually. Hence, there would be a standard business practice, devoid of cultural influences, which would non have the characteristic inefficiencies or complexities that come into picture because of the divergent beliefs and practices. 1.2 Purpose and Justification of the Study This study tries to explore the way in which Google, an organization that has presence in more than 45 countries across the globe handles its international business (google.com/locations, n.d) operations in Asia, specifically India. Through an exploration of theoretical work, it analyzes the reveal social and cultural trends and how it has an impact on the organization. The study also highlights the strategy of the company with regards to an international market. As more and more organizations are entering a global industry phase, this re front is key because it tries to find out how an organization could create cul tural convergence by maintaining its presence across the globe. Google was chosen because of its broad presence across the globe and the cultural convergence that it was successful in bringing regardless of the geographical boundaries. Within a span of around 13 years, the company was able to establish presence across the world in a very consistent manner. Therefore, Google was selected as the company for this study. 1.3 Company Overview Google, which is now the search engine with the highest market share (Search Engine Market Share (2011) began in 1998, started a garage in Stanford University as a result of a cooperative effort between its founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin. Over the next two years, it formalized its operations and began expanding rapidly. From an organization that offered search services in one single language, it has not expanded to a company that offers many different services including various forms of advertising, applications, mobile operating systems, ema il service and so on. Innovation has been the key derriere the success of this company that thrives on the philosophy of making information universally accessible. Over the past 13 years, the company has expanded its operations to more than 45 countries and provides its services to users across the globe and in many different languages. Apart from revolutionizing the internet industry across the globe, Google stands

Critically evaluate, in relation to the common law duty of care, the Essay - 9

Critically evaluate, in relation to the universal law duty of care, the liability of employers for cites. How, if at all, does - Essay ExampleWhile the intention of the common law duty of care is to protect the aggrieved parties from incurring damages resulting from negligence, the law extends to promote sanity in the relationship of the employer and the employee. Arguably, the duty of care predisposes the human imagination departments of various organization tend create organization policies that respect the rights of the employee in order to avoid well-grounded feuds. Many institutions are hesitant to provide selective information about form scholars to prospective employers due to the fear of potential statutory feuds. The fact that former employer had a direct engagement with the departed employee to a wedded(p) extent makes him liable to any issue which he disseminate to the prospective employer that dexterity amount to damages. The student or employee is likely to sue or taste legal arbitration in a situation where he or she feels that the former institution violated his or her right by offering authentic information that damages his or her identity. Under the duty of care, defamation is a communication that intends to harm the reputation of the target party so as to watch the ability of the ability of the party to associate with a third party. The law protects offer punitive and compensatory damages for successful defamatory claims. The issue that is contentious in acting as a referee for the university student is the fact that such association might attract legal liability. In some situations, the institution might be willing to provide the confidential information about a former student whom in the institutions view does not be consideration for employment because of his or her conduct. There is no legal provision that dictates that the institution must provide a reference to prospective employers. However, the existing legal obligation p rovide that universities should exercise due care when compiling a reference report of a student. The institution owes a duty of care to the student to whom such reference information is provided and to the addressee who sought the reference. The employer might sue the University for Negligence if it fails to provide reference information requested about the student (Williams and Zumbansen 2011 pp134). On the some other hand, the student might sue the institution if it feels that the information addressed to the addressee violated his or her right. Most institutions feel obligated to respond to request for a reference where reasonably requested for employment or academic purposes (Grace and Gravestock 2008 pp 46). Failure to provide the reference could disadvantage a student application and could be deemed to be racist on grounds of race, sex, disability, or age and be subject to legal action. Some people have failed to secure job opportunity from prospective employers or have fac ed the sack based on the reference information addressed to the prospectus employer by their former employers. Such outcomes often attract legal suits. In case Spring vs. Guardian Assurance Plc and Others HL 7-Jul-1994, the complainant submitted before the court that the reference given by his former employer influenced his sacking. In the reference letter, his former employer indicted that he was a man of little or no integrity. In this case, the opinion of the court held that an employer was liable for negligence and damaging reference given on behalf of the employee. The court noted that a duty of care was owed to the former employee.

Diversity in the workplace Essay Example for Free

Diversity in the oeuvre Essaya.) Diversity in the d exclusivelyyplace is recognized positively in m whatsoever antithetical ways, and female genitalia make up a strong workforce of on the whole aspects inside different organizations. These include a variety of age, gender, their background, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, and personality or even the style of how somebody works. All these factors create a diverse work force. By embracing these factors into the daily foot race of an organization it chiffonier be beneficial for both employer and employee, working(a) pleasantly where everybody feels cherished and respected. New talents be discovered and people atomic number 18 treated as soulfulnesss and are not stereotyped due to popular beliefs.see moreexplain the principle of in goed choiceEmployers must(prenominal) abide by, practice and integrate exclusively aspects of the Equality number 2010 as a legal requirement. Employees of the organization faeces alleviate to create and carry show up these policies and do the responsibility of ensuring a positive outcome in workforce tasks. Having a wider area of skills and talents to choose from bequeath help generate reinvigorated ideas helping the organization to run smoothly and exceed success on new levels. The workplace endures host to diversitys benefits recognizing the different terms of association and differences in all work related areas.In feeling valued and respected as an individual this reflects on that persons work persona in a positive way, sympathizing with customers and working better in general to achieve the organizations classic targets and goals. The Equality put to work 2010 was introduced on 1st October 2010 and is a describe piece of legislation. This Act provides the general legal guidelines that protect the individuals rights in the workplace and provides the correct legislation that promotes opportunity amongst all diverse platforms. The det ect acts that comprise the act as a whole are* Equal Pay Act 1970* Sex Discrimination Act 1975* Race Relations Act 1976* Disability Discrimination Act 1995* concern Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003* Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003* Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006* Equality Act 2006, Part 2* Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2007Within the workplace there are policies/ mental processs and legislation materials that employers and employees rat hasten docile access to on a day to day basis by using the organizations in house systems such as intranet or comp whatsoever website which result engage sections specifically targeted to that area of the business. These sources of information can be readily available at the click of a button. By having access to the human resources part this also can killer a wealth of information in regards to company policies, company legislations, handbooks and information with regards to the courses and training that can further background knowledge on this information and can then allow both parties to put what they have learnt into practice.b.)It is of the highest importance to make sure we are all working in a healthy and safe environment and it is the responsibility of all stave to take reasonable care of your own health and safety and of former(a)s. It is heavy to add up instructions and cooperate with the health and safety department on regulatory matters that will arise and to attend relevant health and safety training where necessary. We must also familiarize with the health safety at work manuals these can be found on the DRI intranet or the gracious Resources department.We must report any injuries, strains or illnesses as a result of your job determination or potential hazards and defects observed in the workplace to the health safety department, so they can be resolved before it can lead to potential escalation. In recognition of these problems it is important that you utilize the company facilities for example this could be in the form of using of VDUs (visual display unit) which could potentially cause eye strain as a result of pro doggeded use. The company can give back the cost of spectacles and lenses.If in specific departments you require personal protective equipment (PPE) or adequate welfare facilities, these are used free of charge and it is important you publish health safety department, should you require to order more. This is a fundamental rule when working with abrasive products. It is also vitally important to us you that you have the correct amount of rest breaks during the working day.Security of all employees is crucial, so we must make sure to discombobulate in and out of the building when arriving or leaving the building so as to safely access the building and have a record of when and what times you leave during the day. If you happen to leave the fob at home or lose it you must contact reception to be provided with a temporal or a replacement from payroll. If you are expecting a visitor you must request they sign in and out of the building at all costs this ensures we have a record of who has been in and out of the building should an incident occur. By working in a healthy and safe environment we can remain motivated and enthused in order to block incidents occurring. We can be confident in our workplace surroundings striving for a much better working atmosphere.The two types of ratiocination making make at DRI (Diamond Resorts global) are those of useable decisions which are carried out on the everyday cart track of the business, and decisions derived from other departments (strategically) which factors in ranking(prenominal) counsel staff to make long term decisions for the business and to pin point the direction the business is going to take with more beneficial sets. Operational decisions are made up of pick out stages that we strategically follow firstly we pla ce the decision and analyze all factors. Grid Analysis is one stage in the process that helps you to decide amongst several options, where you need to take many different factors into account. An alternative way is also writing out the pros and cons of that area presenting it to you in balance.An example of using power system analysis in the key stages of making decisions.By consulting a aggroup leader and organizing a group meeting you will be able to suffer ideas and advice from all knowledgeable bodies and consult with elderberry bush staff before a decision is made. This can give you wider pool of avenues to consider whilst going with the key stages. If the decision to be made is predominantly made by two people from separate parties they must have the knowledge to negotiate with each other to implement the decision and be satisfied in all areas. The use of feedback is important in these key stages as it allows us to gain feedback from people who puddle down different job roles and responsibilities therefore are given a variation of information that may assist in the final decision. Most operational decisions are being made day to day by team leaders and departmental managers which factor in team members financial aid and views. Departments that deal with more executive decisions will have a larger span of control when a manager oversees the day to day smooth running of his/her department of staff.When training on the job role we are trained to identify what decision would need to be referred through for favorable reception. An example of this would be the procedure that merciful resources department at Diamond Resorts follow which is known as a Recruitment Authorisation form (SRAF), this is used for the recruitment of any new member of staff. If the Resort Manager at Pine Lake wanted to recruit a new housekeeper she would fill this form in and send it to the HR department. Human Resources review this by checking we are paying the correct wage o r the number of hours worked is reasonable. It is then sent to the Regional Director (Carmina Saiz) for approval.Once returned to us with approval we ask Vice President of European Resort Operations (Suzana Gomercic) for approval. Once approved HR then send the form, to Executive Vice-President Steve Bell, for final approval just when these processes happen can the recruitment process begin. At each of these levels the approver has the potential to decline the request or to make a change, for example, to suggest the hours worked should be 40 hours instead of 37 hours. This would implicate the span of control going through the different processes identifying who would approve each decision before a permanent decision is made.Task 2a.)The Importance of planning prioritizing work at DRI Notes for guidance To help support you and achieve to the highest standard here at Diamond Resorts International it is important you are able to plan and be organized in order to meet the set deadlin es for the daily running of all the departments. It is important that you are able to use your time correctly to ensure that all deadlines are met and so that you can achieve the required goals and objectives in daily set tasks to help other people in their responsibilities to others. We have a number of facilities at DRI and it is important we use them in order to be timely and efficient, and allow all outcomes of the day be less stressful for you and your team members. * The online mailing system is a key part of the organization and is vitally important for the outside communications and communicating inside all departments or so the building. Diary systems are very useful for booking/referring back to appointments and can be used to schedule any tasks or work you may need to prioritize before the end of the day.* You may have access to different calendars for meeting rooms around the building. By gaining this access it allows you to see who and what time a room is booked out fo r, enabling you to book in and around it for yourself or upon a request via other team member. This could include any visitors meeting with you or senior management. The calendar sends you reminder so you can make the necessary arrangements for their arrival. * To do lists can be simple and easy to do on paper or electronically. If for any reason IT department is having issues via the data processor software and you become unable(p) to access your computer and cannot use the software to input your data. You can do a simple to do list on paper this will be a temporary measure to remind you and help your day run more smoothly whilst the repairs are underway. Under some circumstances we take under consideration the reasons deadlines could be late, interrupted and may not potentially be met due to certain contributing factors inside the office.* Communication is important passim working hours, between team members, and is important to have the right level at all times to ensure work is communicated effectively around the office. Too much communication can cause distractions if certain topics are not work related and can be discussed out of office times. This can be avoided by talking active unrelated work topics out of office hours, on lunch breaks or short breaks throughout the day. * It is possible you may be interrupted frequently throughout the day. This could simply be to help another team member, due to proficient difficulties or answering the telephone to a customer which could unfortunately take you off task.Make sure you log where you are in order to resume where you left off. The technical difficulties can have a knock on effect for everyone in your department and it is important to try and do as much paper based work as possible to get you up to race and prepared for the deadline so you are ready to carry on once the issues have been resolved. * There may be times when there is lack of resources around the office if you feel this will have a sign ificant effect on areas of your work then you need to notify a member of the senior management team so they can replenish stock or locate resources from an alternative means.If the department you are working in is short staffed, senior management may want to hire temporary staff to drop off clerical/admin tasks. If there are unforeseen circumstances for example you are unable to get to work on time due to problems with public transport, family emergencies or problems etc. In this case some issues cannot always be helped you must notify your department of issues and if possible explain what work may need to be completed in order to help contribute with the work that is being delayed.b.) by and by three months of working for Diamond Resorts International it is company procedure to have an appraisal after three months service. I first received a letter from my head of department a week before my appraisal was due. Stating where the meeting was to be held, what time and who it would be with. It was held on the 23rd of October at 3.00 pm with the Human Resources manager. Before I was to attend the meeting I did a small self assessment on paper to remind me what needful to be adumbrate during the discussion. Once we sat down to commence the meeting I was asked if I was enjoying the new job role also if there was any ongoing problems that needed to be resolved. I explained that I had been enjoying the job role very much and found the prospects for working for DRI very exciting. I was told during my appraisal that all my hard work had been satisfactory and what I had been achieving was more than up to standard.As the job role was new to the company I felt proud to say that I had make the reception area up by myself and enjoyed co-coordinating the maintenance of the building. Making the area more organized and flow with the filed systems I had created. Whilst in the meeting I ruling that it would be a good idea to discuss what I had planned for the future, as alth ough I like the job role I require something more challenging and something that can test and push my abilities to what I am more capable of. This meeting was vital for the communication between manager and employee as is important to see where can be improved and problems can be raised and dealt with properly to the discretion of the employee. c.)My career goals illustrated via the SMART techniqueComplete Level 3 Diploma in Business Administration course with all distinctions aiming for the highest mark possible and pass the working(a) skills maths exam, after attending all after hours classes and get back up to speed with mathematic skills. Consider moving job roles/departments after completion of the six month probationary period.All technical certificates will be prepared, passed and achieved in order to start the NVQ level units. Keep practicing for the functional skills maths test, continuing the drop in maths sessions allowing learning and improvement on the subject. I will be looking at different job role summaries and familiarizing with them.All the technical certificates have been prepared for and have the correct resources and information to achieve each unit. Each certificate will have a specific time to achieve handouts and activities to complete in order to gather all the information required to achieve set target scores.By completing and concentrating on each unit at once I can put 100% into each unit, also enabling me the flexibility of fulfilling my own job role. There will be points in the day where I will have to break of and do my duties that are required of me as an employee of DRI. I will also be completing functional skills out of office hours.Each unit I have set myself minimum of 2 weeks to complete. This is ample time to have completed each individual unit and have the feedback comments sent over to me via email from my assessor. Each 2 weeks my assessor will come and visit and discuss my advancement.Section B1.a) The key points th at are included in a contract of employment could be any of the following the contract will have the name of your employer and the employee also the escort the employment commenced. The number of working hours you will be required to work during the week. The contract will inform you of how much holiday entitlement you are allocated annually, also how they will calculate them yearly. The details of sick pay and statutory pay will be enclosed in a contract of employment also the indemnity details. The contract will describe the job title and the brief job description of the work, and the location of where work has to be carried out.b.) A contract of employment is an arrangement between employer and employee which determines the relationship between both parties. A written contract can include one short handwritten page or a lengthy document containing detailed components. Each business should take the time to carefully prepare a contract of employment for each employee. All busine sses have different needs and outlooks, the style and content of each contract of employment will be different.2.There are a number of representative resources that can assist employees with information and support them where necessary The Equal Opportunities commission (EOC) is a regulatory body that promotes statutory rights within the employment sector and monitors human rights offers on hand legislation and legal frameworks to the members of the public informing them of their rights. ACAS (Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service) is a regulatory body available online and is available for employees/employers that aim to improve organisations through better employment relationships. They also help by updating their website with the most current forms of legislation, and offering free independent advice.3.a.) There are many factors that can lead to being under pressure in a workplace environment, where a professional manner can become difficult to maintain. If you are runnin g by a tight deadline it could become increasingly difficult to reach, due to lack of resources or due to your organizations department being understaffed. The nature of your work could become strained as a result of more elements being added to a task than originally identified. There could be fundamental changes in your job role with new standards that need to be met in order to meet company deadlines pressuring the work environment further.b.) It is important in any departments of organizations that we declare our work progress this is so we can keep up to date with targets and deadlines also so that team members can utilize the use of support they may need in the work processes, where necessary in order to complete tasks. It is also important to log our progress of work so we can anticipate any problems that we could encounter, and identify them before them before they happen. To identify our progress we are not impacting on others workloads in a negative way, we are working alo ngside them resulting in a positive outcome.4.By continuously seeking to improve our performances at work we are able to assess and consider the possible options going forward in the work place, you are exceeding your own limitations/performance, learning new skills and producing quality work that meets the high standards of your organization. By achieving targets and goals are of a higher standard because you are putting more effort into your work. This not only gives the employer a good impression but can give you more chance of increasing your income or getting a promotion, it also gives you the motivation needed to proceed with your work.The efficiency and effectiveness in producing work can give you a sense of satisfaction, as well as receiving positive feedback from the people around you. By using certain analytical procedures we can assess our progress and see where would be the need for improvement. By using SWOT analysis or SMART techniques we can identify our skills, threa ts, our strengths which can be used to our advantages helping us to focus on our career pathways. Feedback (whether formal or informal) is a key way of enabling us to improve our own performances in the workplace whether it be positive or negative feedback we can take pointers away and work on them to improve work place performances inside of office hours.5.There could potentially be problems in the workplace which cannot be solved without the interjection of another member of staff. This could be caused by lack of resources for example being short staffed, which is the responsibility of senior management who overlook the Rotas to make sure there is significant cover ensuring the team can operate as a whole. If the department you are working in has frequent interaction with customers there may be customer complaints that are not being dealt with correctly.Customers may wish to speak to senior members of staff who can investigate further taking the customer down a different route to solve their query, which only they will have the authorization to do. You may need to refer a problem if the solution involves reimbursement of company funds, or the problem may have a serious impact on an overall company targets. If there is a serious risk to a persons life or the problem is in breach of a health and Safety procedure, you must ensure that the information is passed on and dealt with by a member of the correct department as they will be familiar with all the policies and be able to devise a solution.

Third Grade Classrooms and Foldables Essay Example for Free

Third Grade Classrooms and Foldables EssayGood educators, especially in the lower levels of education, are always looking for effective ways to improve students breeding and interest in subjects that may not be as appealing. Any activity that promotes reading and encourages critical thinking is especially valued by t severallyers (Angus, 1993). peerless of the key developments promoted by Zike is the office of Foldables in the classroom (2007). These are three-dimensional hands-on manipulative/graphic organizers.Foldables can quickly organize, display and arrange data making it easier for students to grasp concepts, theories, processes, facts, and ideas, or to sequence events as outlined in the content warnings. They can result in student-made moot guides that are compiled as students find out for main ideas, read for main ideas, or conduct research (Zike, 2007). This study examined the use of Foldables to promote the reading and retention of social studies information wi th third come in students and to enhance their attitude toward social studies (Zike, 2007).It was hypothesized that Foldables do have a positive influence on learning in the classroom, more so than using the standard lecture/worksheet technique. Specifically, comparisons on cognitive and affective assessment measures were made between those taught using Foldables and those taught using lecture with worksheets. The Experiments This study took place in an elementary tutor in a rural community in East Tennessee. Manufacturing and retail are the major area employers and residents are in the low to middle income level. sensation out of 11 elementary schools in the county was selected for this study, based on convenience (Casteel, 2006). The K-5 school where the study took place had 625 students enrolled, with over 95% being white students. Of those 625 students, 63% receiving free or reduced lunch, which gives an idea about the income status of the family (Casteel, 2006). Out of five t hird grade classrooms, three were randomly selected to participate in the study. The initiative classroom was referred to Classroom A, slice the second one was referred to as Classroom B.According to Casteels findings, students from the third classroom were randomly divided in one-half with half the students joining Classroom A and half joining Classroom B for this study (2006). The resulting gender distribution for Classroom A was 15 anthropoid and 14 female, while for Classroom B it was 16 male and 11 female. A control group experimental design was used in this study. In the first two week period of instruction on history timelines, Classroom A (n=29) served as the control group while Classroom B (n=27) served as the treatment group (independent variable).In the second two week period of instruction on maps, Classroom B became the control group while Classroom A served as the treatment group. The treatment groups were taught the subject through the use of Foldables, while the c ontrol groups were taught the subject using lecture with worksheets (Casteel, 2006). At the generator of the unit, a pretest (dependent variable) toward social studies was administered to each student, along with a cognitive measure of knowledge on history timelines.At the end of the unit, the measure toward social studies was once again given, along with the knowledge on history timelines (Casteel, 2006). These were the posttest measures. The treatment and control groups were then switched and another measure of knowledge on maps was given as a pretest to each group. The posttest measure from the first instructional time period served as the pretest for the second instructional time period. At the end of the second instructional unit on maps, the measure of social studies was again administered along with the measure of knowledge on maps (Casteel, 2006).Results and Conclusions Initially the pretest dozens of the two groups were compared to ensure that they had equivalent attitud es toward social studies, which they were. The changes in piles from pretest to posttest for each group (Lecture/Worksheet and Foldables) were then compared using a paired samples t-test. Casteel researched that the Lecture/Worksheet group had a . 69 point mean gain from pretest to posttest, which was not statistically significant, while the Foldables group had a 2. 67 point mean gain from pretest to posttest, which was statistically significant (2006).This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of two didactics methods (Lecture/Worksheet and Foldables). The Lecture/Worksheet and Foldables groups had equivalent pretest scores, meaning they were equivalent in attitudes toward social studies at the beginning of the units. Only those taught with Foldables had a significant increase from pretest to posttest on affective scores (Casteel, 2006). The experimental data indicated that Foldables are a promising alternative to the traditional method of Lecture/Worksheet. Using Folda bles significantly improved students attitudes toward the material (Zike, 2007).Additionally, teachers who participated in the study commented about the improvement in attitudes when using the Foldables. Furthermore, several teachers indicated that students were applying the Foldables across the curriculum, for example, using them to learn fractions as a part of a math unit. One teacher commented that when using Foldables there were fewer discipline problems since the students remained more engaged with the material (Zike, 2007). This preliminary research indicated that an improvement in attitude is possible through the use of the Foldable technique.

Organic Foods Pdf Essay Example for Free

Organic Foods Pdf EssayAbstract During the last decade, consumers trust in food lineament has change magnitude drastically, mainly because of growing ecological aw arness and several food s lowlifedals (e. g. BSE, dioxins, bacterial taint). It has been found that intensive courtly agriculture spate introduce contaminants into the food chain. Consumers view started to look for safer and split up controlled foods bring outd in more environmentally couthy, authentic and local systems. Organically produced foods argon widely believed to satisfy the above demands, leading to lower environmental impacts and high(prenominal) nutrient values. So far, studies select partly con? rmed this opinion. Organic casts contain fewer nitrates, nitrites and pesticide residues only when, as a rule, more dry matter, vitamin C, phenolic compounds, inhering amino acids and total profitss than established crops. Organic crops overly contain statistically more mineral compounds and usua lly have remediate sensory and long-term storehouse qualities. However, there are also round negatives deedss cultivated in positive systems generally have 20% lower yields than accomplishedly produced crops.Several important problems indispensableness to be addressed in the coming years environmental, bacterial and fungal contamination of innate crops and, the nigh essential issue, the impact of constitutive(a) food economic consumption on animal and homo wellness. 2007 Society of Chemical Industry Keywords ingrained plant crops quality yield composition nutrition vitamins phenolics sugars nitrates nitrites pesticides dry matter health sensory qualities.FACTORS INFLUENCING THE QUALITY OF ORGANIC PLANT FOOD PRODUCTS There are several important factors in?uencing the quality of food products that also are applicable to constituent(a) fertiliserally produced plant products. As illustrated in Fig. 1, the basic factors are the quality of the environment (abiotic fact ors) and the levels of pest and pathogen damage (biotic factors) to which plants are exposeded.The main components of the environment (air, water, soil) have to be unpolluted if the crops obtained are expected to be of high nutritive quality. Many environmental contaminants enter the food production chain (soilplantanimalhuman organism), causing signi? cant problems in human health.1 These contaminants include sullen metals, pesticide residues, northward compounds, mycotoxins, chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), aromatic hydrocarbons (e. g. benzoapyrene), plant growth stimulators (e. g. choline chloride), antibiotics, hormones, radioactive isotopes and plastic substances (monomers). Climate and tolerate are also important factors, as well as soil type and pH, soil cultivation, fertilisation and conditions of crop storage after harvest. ? Biotic factors can have also a signi? cant impact on crop quality. The main biotic factors are cultivar choice, bacterial and fungal contamination (di sease) and pest damage.Cultivars of the comparable crop species can differ signi? cantly in nutritive quality. For example, the content of ? carotene in carrots (Daucus carota L. ) can vary between 7. 19 and 13. 84 mg g? 1 depending on the cultivar. 2 The main potential source of bacterial contamination in plant crops is animal manure utilize in organic farming. Contamination can take place via the roots or by water splashing onto the leaf surfaces. The most important organisms are several species of facultative anaerobic bacteria (Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157H7, Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium botulinum, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis), protozoa (Toxoplasma gondii), tapeworms, viruses and prions.The results obtained so far are contradictory. some(a) studies channelize higher(prenominal) bacterial contamination in organic crops, while other(a)s show the opposite. 3 Mycotoxins (produced by fungi) originate by and large in the ? eld but can a lso develop during storage. Owing to the fact that fungicides are not used Correspondence to Ewa Rembialkowska, Organic Foodstuffs Division, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw Agricultural University, Nowoursynowska 159 C, PL-02-776 Warszawa, Poland E-mail ewa emailprotected pl (Received 24 October 2006 revised version received 29 January 2007 accepted 8 February 2007).Figure 1. Factors in? uencing the quality of organic food products. in organic agriculture, some authors believe that organically produced foods will contain higher concentrations of mycotoxins. However, literature reviews show that mycotoxin concentrations are usually similar or reduced in organic compared with effected products. 4 The most notorious mycotoxins are those produced by Fusarium species on cereal crops and maize.One of the reasons for lower Fusarium infections in organic grains could be the lower nitrogen concentrations in the tissues. 5 Insect pests also exert an in? uence on crop quality. Because of the ban on synthetic pesticides in organic agriculture, insects much damage fruits and vegetables, thereby diminishing their yield and harming their appearance. However, it is not clear whether they also reduce their nutritive quality. In contrast, there is severalise that organically grown plants contain more phytochemicals (which are natural insecticides) and are therefore more yucky to insect damage.6 They can also play a positive role in human health, because several phytochemicals, being plant defence compounds, are connected with possible health bene? ts (Brandt K, oral presentation at QLIF Congress, Newcastle, 2005). Regulations on organic plant production allow actions that avoid some negative features of crop quality if they are consistently performed by producers. In order to ful? l these demands and to offer highquality products to consumers, an ef? cient and airtight certi? cation and control system must be implemented.In most countries such sys tems are quite ef?cient, though a rapid increase in the number of organic farms could lead to problems with a subsequent loosening of regulatory control. because the main rule should be trust is good, but control is better. Moreover, the ? nal quality of organic food products is in? uenced by the effective death penalty of 2758 the regulations on animal production and organic food processing. Only precise ful? lment of all these regulations can guarantee the best organic food quality (Fig. 1). pretend OF REGULATION ON ORGANIC PLANT PRODUCTION The regulations for organic plant production are clear and detailed.7 The European Union (EU) regulation make in 19918 contains parts that relate directly to the composition of organic plant products. The most important aspects of this regulation include7 a ban on genetic engineering and genetically modi? ed organisms (GMOs) lower nitrogen levels a maximum limit for manure application of 170 kg N ha? 1 year? 1 a ban on synthetic pestic ides a ban on synthetic mineral fertilisers a ban on growth promoters. Organic farmers must follow the above regulations if they want to pass the inspection procedure every year and receive a certi? cation document.If all requirements are complied with, several qualitative results can be expected. The most important conclusions from scienti? c comparisons are given below. CONTAMINANTS Nitrates and nitrites A large join of data shows that the content of nitrates and nitrites is distinctly higher in conventionally cultivated than in organic crops. This is important, because nitrates can easily be converted into nitrites, which can cause a dangerous disorder called methaemoglobinaemia in babies, infants and elderly people. 9 J Sci Food Agric 8727572762 (2007) DOI 10. degree Celsius2/jsfa theatrical role of organic plant products.Moreover, nitrites can react with amines to create nitrosamines, which are carcinogenic and mutagenic substances causing cancer of the digestive tract a nd leukaemia. 10 This process is dangerous not only for young children but also for adults of any age. found on a large amount of data, the nitrate content of organic and conventional crops has been compared. On average, the nitrate content of organic crops was 49% that of conventional crops. 11 These and other data provide a basis for stating that organic methods lead to an approximately 50% reduction in the intake of nitrates and nitrites by humans.Pesticides Governments place level-headed limits, cognize as the Maximum Residue Level (MRL), on the level of pesticides that can be present in food. The MRL is usually estimated by testing soulfulness pesticides on rats. Governments proceed that consumption of pesticides below the MRL is not a health risk. However, at lower levels, pesticides are known or suspected to cause many diseases and health problems, including cancer. 12 The main problem is that the MRL for pesticides is usually estimated by testing individual pesticides o n rats for a relatively short period.Virtually nothing is known about the effects of consuming combinations of potentially hundreds of different pesticides over the course of a lifetime. We do not and cannot know explicitly what is causing what, so charge is the main tool available to us (Howard V, oral presentation at QLIF Congress, Newcastle, 2005). The levels of pesticide residues found in organic crops are de? nitely lower than those present in conventional crops (Howard V, oral presentation at QLIF Congress, Newcastle, 2005). It can be expected that eating organic foods will result in lower pesticide levels in human milk and body tissues.There is some license con? rming this possibility. Researchers in France found that the level of pesticide residues in the milk of breast-feeding women decreased signi? cantly with an increase in the proportion of organic food in the daily diet (from 25 to 80%). 13 All available results show that the content of pesticide residues is signi? c antly lower in organic crops, which creates safer health conditions for consumers eating organically. Heavy metals Heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury and zinc are introduced into the food chain from various sources, including industry, transportation, communal wastes and agriculture.For example, mineral phosphoric fertilisers used in conventional agriculture can introduce cadmium into crops, but the metal industry and transportation also cause cadmium contamination of soils and crops. indeed there are no clear results in studies comparing the levels of J Sci Food Agric 8727572762 (2007) DOI 10. 1002/jsfa heavy metals in organic and conventional crops. Some data point to higher levels in conventional crops, while others show the opposite. 11 A problem to be solved is whether organic farming (composting, change magnitude the organic matter in soil, pH, etc. ) can diminish the intake of heavy metals by cultivated plants.DESIRABLE COMPOUNDS IN PLANTS Vitamins, phenol ic compounds and mineral compounds The nutritive value of foods depends mainly on them having the appropriate content of compounds indispensable for proper functioning of the human organism. The content of phyto-compounds in plant foods is a topic of smashing interest in food science nowadays. A growing body of evidence indicates that secondary plant metabolites (phytochemicals) play a critical role in human health and may be nutritionally important. 14 There are two main theories explaining the factors in? uencing the levels of compounds in plants.15 The carbon/nitrogen (C/N) balance theory states that, when nitrogen is easily available, the plant will ? rst make compounds with high nitrogen content, e. g. proteins for growth and nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, glucosinolates and non-protein amino acids such as the Allium ? avour precursors. When nitrogen availability is limiting for growth, the metabolism changes more towards carboncontaining compound s, e. g. starch, cellulose and non-nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites such as phenolics and terpenoids. The second, newer theory is the growth/ differentiation balance hypothesis (GDBH).15 It states that the plant will always assess the resources available to it and optimise its investment in processes directed towards growth or differentiation. The term differentiation encompasseses increase formation of defence compounds as well as accelerated maturation and seed development. The C/N balance theory is a special and typical case of the GBDH theory, since low nitrogen availability is the most common growth-limiting condition in natural ecosystems. 15 To verify the above theories, several authors investigated the content of some vitamins and phyto-compounds in organically and conventionally produced crops.In order to summarise different data, for each organicconventional comparison a % difference was calculated (organic ? conventional)/conventional ? 100 The collected data fo r several desirable components are presented in Table 1. The role of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in the human organism is basic for several metabolic functions, mainly because it is one of the major cellular direct antioxidants (along with glutathione) and is a 2759 E Rembialkowska Table 1. Contents of desirable components in organic crops relative to those in conventional crops Component Vitamin C Phenolic compounds Iron Magnesium Phosphorus Mean % difference +28.7 +119. 3 +21. 1 +29. 3 +13. 6 Range (%) ? 38 to +135. 5 ? 56. 6 to +734. 2 ? 73 to +240 ? 35 to +1206 ? 44 to +240 Number of studies 21 15 16 17 18 production and reduces carbohydrate production. Moreover, the change magnitude protein produced in response to high nitrogen levels contains lower amounts of certain essential amino acids such as lysine and therefore has a lower quality with observe to human nutrition. Source Ref. 17 and authors own calculations. cofactor for certain enzymes. Vitamin C also supports detoxicat ion and resistance of the human organism. The higher content of vitamin C in organic crops is bene?cial to health, because vitamin C inhibits the in situ formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines, thus diminishing the negative impact of nitrates on the human organism. 10 Therefore organic vegetables can play an important anticarcinogenic role. Plant-based phenolic metabolites are particularly interesting because of their potential antioxidant activity and medical properties, including anticarcinogenic activity. 15 According to Benbrook,16 organic farming has elevated antioxidant levels in about 85% of the cases studied to date and, on average, levels are about 30% higher compared with foods grown conventionally.Mineral compounds containing iron, magnesium and phosphorus are fundamental for human health. According to Worthington,17 the higher mineral content in organic crops may be connected with the higher abundance of micro-organisms in organically managed soil. These micro-organisms produce many compounds that help plants to combine with soil minerals and make them more available to plant roots. Unfortunately, there have been only a few studies on other vitamins such as ? -carotene, B1 and B2 and the results are contradictory. Therefore no general conclusions can be drawn about these compounds.Total sugars A higher total sugar content in plant crops not only improves their taste but is also an important component of their technological quality, e. g. in the case of sugar beet. Studies intelligibly indicate a higher content of total sugars, mainly sucrose, in organically produced vegetables and fruits such as carrots, sugar beet, red beetroot, potatoes, spinach, Savoy cabbage, cherries, redcurrants and apples. 11,18 Proteins Several studies analysed in review papers11 show that the quantity of crude protein is lower in organic than in conventional crops but that the quality is better as measured by essential amino acid content.According to Worthington,17 nitrog en from any kind of fertiliser affects the quantity and quality of protein produced by plants. Provision of a large amount of nitrogen to a plant increases protein 2760 SENSORY QUALITY OF ORGANIC FOODS Many studies have proved quite unequivocally that vegetables and fruits from organic farms have a better taste and smell. This was found for carrots and potatoes, celery and red beetroot, head cabbage and tomatoes as well as for apples, cherries and redcurrants.11 Organic fruits contained more total sugars, which probably in?uenced the better taste perception by consumers. Better taste and smell have also been found for bread made from organic grain, which also had better crumb elasticity. 6 Interesting studies have been conducted on animal food preference in which animals were given organic or conventional fodder.Most studies have proved a clear animal preference for foods produced organically such studies have been conducted on rats, mice, hens and rabbits. 19 Preference for organic fodder was also observe in cases where, according to chemical analyses, both organic and conventional fodder ful?lled all physiological needs of the animals tested. 20 The reason for this was probably the difference in taste between organic and conventional fodder. STORAGE QUALITY OF ORGANIC PLANT CROPS Transpiration losses and decay processes, as well as changes in nutritive value, normally take place during the storage period of potatoes and other vegetables. However, these changes can proceed at different rates and to differing degrees. Most of the available data indicate that the decay process is slower in organic crops, which therefore show better storage quality after the winter period.A review study based on many sources21 concluded that the storage quality of vegetables and fruits was better in the case of plants grown on organic farms (Table 2). The better storage quality of organic crops Table 2. Storage losses of carrots, potatoes and various fruits and vegetables from organic (ORG) and conventional (CONV) farmsa Carrots Potatoes Fruits and vegetables ORG CONV ORG CONV ORG CONV Number of quoted studies Storage loss (% of initial mass) a 15 33 15 40 22 22 22 30 53 28 53 38 Average data based on literature review.21 J Sci Food Agric 8727572762 (2007) DOI 10. 1002/jsfa Quality of organic plant products Table 3. Positive nutritive attributes of organic plant products No. 1 2 3 4 5 Attribute Organic crops contain fewer nitrates, nitrites and pesticide residues than conventional crops. There is no clear difference in the content of heavy metals between organic and conventional crops Organic plant products contain, as a rule, more dry matter, vitamin C, phenolic compounds, essential amino acids and total sugars. However, the level of ?-carotene is often higher in conventional plant products Organic plant products contain statistically more iron, magnesium and phosphorus. They also tend to contain more chromium, iodine, molybdenum, selenium, calcium, boro n, manganese, copper, potassium, sodium, atomic number 23 and zinc Organic plant products usually have better sensory quality. They have a clearer smell and taste and are sweeter and more compact because of their higher dry matter content Preference for organic products is typical not only for humans but also for animals such as rats, rabbits and hens.This preference was also observed in cases where, according to chemical analyses, both organic and conventional fodder ful? lled all physiological needs of the animals tested Vegetables and fruits from organic production maintain better quality during winter storage, showing lower mass losses due to transpiration, decay and decomposition processes. A possible reason for this is their higher content of dry matter, minerals, sugars and other bioactive compounds 6 Table 4. Negative and unclear aspects of organic plant products No.1 Negative aspect Plants cultivated in organic systems have, as a rule, signi?cantly (on average 20%) lower y ields than conventionally produced crops. This increases their price and creates for many consumers a barrier to buying organic foods Unclear aspect environmental contamination (heavy metals, PCBs, dioxins, aromatic hydrocarbons) can be similar in organic and conventional crops, because the impact of industrial, transport and communal sources is similar on organic and conventional farms located in the same area Bacterial (mainly Salmonella and Campylobacter)Contamination can sometimes be higher in organic produce, but scienti?c evidence of this is still not clear Mycotoxins can contaminate both organic and conventional foods, but scienti? c data are contradictory The impact of organic food consumption on human health and wellbeing remains essentially unknown in spite of some positive indications, so the subject needs further study 2 3 4 was probably associated with a higher content of dry matter in their ? esh, resulting in little extensive decay and decomposition. Lower losses in organic production have not only nutritive but also economic bene? ts.In conventional systems, high yields are produced but signi?cant losses during storage reduce the economic bene? ts. CONCLUSIONS Recent food crises (BSE, foot and mouth disease, food contamination by dioxins, toxic fungi, Salmonella and Campylobacter bacteria) have caused consumers to look for more authentic and safer foods. Organic food production is widely recognised as being more friendly to the environment, more controlled and better for animal welfare. On the other hand, many data indicate that a lot of food contaminants have their source in conventional methods of agriculture, animal production and food processing.The negative effect of the continuing enthusiastic use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides in agriculture is potentially huge. Therefore safer methods of agricultural production, mostly organic methods, are very important. Studies conducted in various countries have indicated several positive at tributes of organic plant J Sci Food Agric 8727572762 (2007) DOI 10. 1002/jsfa products (Table 3) but also a few negative and unclear aspects (Table 4). To summarise the positives, organic food should be recommended for all, but especially for young babies, pregnant and breast-feeding women, elderly and chronically ill people and vegetarians.The last group obviously consumes a lot of vegetables, which can contain too high levels of carcinogenic substances when produced conventionally. The lower content of nitrates and higher content of phenolic compounds and vitamin C in organic crops are especially important for health. Nitrates are easily converted in the digestive tract into foul nitrites, which are the precursors of carcinogenic nitrosamines. This process is hampered by vitamin C, and carcinogenesis is retarded by phenolic compounds and other dietary phytochemicals present at higher levels in organically produced crops.Therefore organic vegetables can play an important anticar cinogenic role. REFERENCES 1 Rembialkowska E, Organic agriculture and food quality, in Ecological Agriculture and Rural Development in central and Eastern European Countries, Vol. 44 of NATO Science Series, ed. by Filho WL. IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp. 185204 (2004). 2761 E Rembialkowska ? ? 2 Schuphan W, Biochemische Sortenprufung an Gartenmohren ? ? als neuzeitliche Grundlage fur planvolle Zuchtungsarbeit. Z? chter 22543 (1942).U 3 Franz E, van Bruggen AHC and Semenov AM, Risk-analysis of human pathogen spread in the vegetable industry a comparison between organic and conventional production chains, in Bayesian Statistics and Quality Modelling in the AgroFood Production Chain, ed. by van Boekel MAJS, Stein A and van Bruggen AHC. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 8194 (2004). 4 FAO, Food Safety as alter by Organic Farming (Twentysecond FAO Regional Conference for Europe). Online. (2000). Available www. fao. org/docrep/meeting/x4983. htm. 5 Van Bruggen AHC and Termorshuizen AJ, Integra ted approaches to root disease management in organic farming systems.Aust Plant Pathol 32141156 (2003). 6 Bjorn G and Fruekilde AM, Cepa onions (Allium cepa L) grown conventionally and organically similarities and differences. Gron Viden 15316 (2003). (in Danish). 7 Hansen B, Alroe HF, Kristensen ES and Wier M, Assessment of food safe in organic farming. DARCOF Working Paper 52 (2002). 8 EU, Council Regulation No. 2092/91 of 24 June 1991 on organic production of agricultural products and indications referring to that on agricultural products and foodstuffs. 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